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全球性的网络化、信息化进程正改变着人们的生活方式,Internet技术应用以及电子商务的飞速增长给人们生活工作的各个层面带来了深刻的影响。回顾我国政务信息化的进程,大致可分为三个阶段:(1)以桌面字处理工具为典型的个人办公工具软件阶段,计算机应用提高了个人工作效率。(2)基于关系型数据库技术,以C/S体系结构应用为特征阶段,这一阶段基本实现了部门级的数据处理、公文处理等的自动化。(3)基于符合Internet/Intranet技术标准的平台应用阶段,这一阶段,不仅在技术上有了很大进步,而且应用范围已从部门内部、部门之间扩展到行业/系统内部,乃至跨部委跨系统。
在Internet应用方面,政府部门已陆续建立了自己的Web服务器和网站,有的还实现了一些简单的网上业务。但由于各相关单位在信息化建设中的技术差异和经验欠缺,电子政务并未在真正意义上得以实现,相反,不少政府站点在规划建设、管理维护以及安全性方面还停留在较低的水平上,各级政府部门还有待建立和完善从页面制作、审批、更新,流程管理,应用开发,安全性保证,与后台应用系统(如OA和业务系统)集成的以及客互支持的一整套行之有效的管理模式、运营方法和技术平台。
电子政务应用与一般的办公自动化系统既紧密相关,又在应用侧重点、用户群体以及采用的技术等方面都有所差异,总的来说,前者在用户的范畴上包含后者,电子政务是更广义上的政府办公自动化或者理解为“面向社会的政府办公自动化”。
实施原则:
实用性原则;先进性及成熟性原则;可靠性原则;开放性及安全性原则;标准化原则;可扩充性原则;可维护性、可管理性原则;节约性原则
实施步骤
首先,在组织内部构建通信平台(如电子邮件系统、电子论坛等),工作人员之间建立网上信息交流和初步的网上协同工作。
第二,在组织内部人员的计算机应用水平得以普遍提高,基本建立起网上协同办公的意识之后,考虑在办公网络内进行一些日常工作流程如公文审批、常用申请、会议管理、档案管理、信息采集审批与查询,以及各部门的日常业务等。在这一阶段,基本实现组织内部办公自动化。
第三,在Internet上建立公用网站,进行信息采集、,部门间公文交换乃至简单的电子贸易等,将办公自动化的范围进一步扩大到跨行业、跨部委。此时,基本实现电子政务。
在以上过程中,网络信息系统的安全稳定性自始至终都是十分重要的。是否建立起强健的网络信息安全防范系统,在某种程度上决定着政府部门信息化建设的成败。
第一部分内部办公自动化系统的建设
功能需求:
一般来说,政府部门办公自动化系统应以公文处理和机关事务管理(尤其以领导办公)为核心,同时提供信息通讯与服务等重要功能,因此,典型的办公自动化应用包括公文管理、督查管理、政务信息采集与、内部请示报告管理、档案管理、会议管理、领导活动管理、政策法规库、内部论坛等应用,另外鉴于Internet在日常办公中占有日益重要的地位,办公自动化系统应该与Internet留有平滑的接口。
一、提供电子邮件功能是办公自动化系统的基本需求
在一个办公自动化系统中通常包含了多个应用子系统,如发文、收文、信息服务、档案管理、活动安排、会议管理等等,可以将电子邮件信箱作为所有这些办公应用子系统的统一接口,每一个用户通过自己的电子邮件信箱就可以了解到需要处理的工作,而不必经常性地来回检查不同的应用系统,办公自动化应用系统以电子邮件作为统一入口的设计思想,可以大大提高系统用户的友好性和易用性,减少培训的工作量。
二、处理大量的复合文档型的数据信息
办公自动化所处理信息的载体大多是以文件、报表、信函、传真等形式出现,因此办公自动化系统是典型的文档处理系统。这些区别于传统数据类型的信息,就是“非结构化数据”、“复合文档数据”或“对象数据”。
一般认为,关系数据库系统(如Oracle、DB/2、SQLServer、Foxpro等)适合传统数据类型(结构化信息)的表示和存储,但是对复合文档数据的处理并非能够完全表达信息和存储效率最高。因此,“文档数据库”或“对象存储”的概念就被引入数据库领域,其目标就是针对新出现的需求,高效率地表达和存储管理“复合文档数据”。当然,传统数据的存储和处理也是办公自动化系统经常不可或缺的。
办公自动化系统由于其对复合文档数据的处理要求,必须以文档数据库为核心建立,同时选择性地结合关系数据库。
三、包含大量的工作流应用
所谓的工作流就是一组人员为完成某一项业务所进行的所有工作与工作转交(交互)过程。办公自动化应用系统的大多数应用如公文审批、各类申请等。每一项工作以流程的形式,由发起者(如文件起草人)发起流程,经过本部门以及其他部门的处理(如签署、会签),最终到达流程的终点(如发出文件、归档入库)。
工作流程可以是互相连接、交叉或循环进行的,如一个工作流的终点可能就是另一个工作流的起点,如上级部门的发文处理过程结束后引发了下级部门的收文处理过程。工作流程也可是打破单位界限的,发生于机关与机关的相关单位之间。
在相当程度上工作流自动化有三种实现模式。即:基于邮件的、基于共享数据库的、基于邮件和共享数据库结合模式(即“群件模式”)的。
从信息技术的角度出发,群件模式结合了“推”、“拉”技术,充分发挥了不同技术的优点,克服了其缺点,是理想的办公自动化流程处理模式,也使办公自动化人员拥有了完整的信息 技术工具。
四、支持协同工作和移动办公
在日常办公中,办公人员需要花费大量的时间进行讨论和交流意见,才能作出某种决策。而这种在群体中互相沟通、合作的工作方式就是所谓的“协同工作”。随着网络技术的发展,异步协作方式如电子邮件、网络论坛等,以及同步协作方式如网络实时会议正在逐渐成为除了人们面对面开会之外的新的工作方式,它们打破了时间、地域的限制,使人们可以随时随地参加到协同工作中去,大大提高了工作效率。
所谓的“移动办公”就是提供办公人员在办公室以外的办公手段,他可以远程拨号或登录到出差地的网络,通过电话线或广域网络,随时可以访问到办公自动化系统;为提高工作效率和减少费用,办公人员还可以选择“离线”工作方式,即将需要处理的信息先下载到本地便携机上,然后切断连接,“离线地”处理信息(例如他可以在旅途中批阅公文,起草电子邮件等),工作完毕才再次接通连接将自己的工作结果发出以及再次下载新的待办信息。办公自动化系统作为网络应用系统应提供用户协同工作支持和移动办公支持。
五、应有完整的安全性
安全性控制功能成为办公自动化系统得以投入使用的先决条件。机关办公自动化的安全性控制要求一般包括防止非法用户侵入、权限控制、存储和传输加密,以及电子签名。这些手段必须足够强大,难以被攻破,而且也必须足够灵活,方便使用者掌握和利用。
六、能集成其他业务应用系统和Internet
1.1学生因素
1)主观积极性。作为毕业设计的主体,学生的态度积极与否直接影响了毕业设计质量,然后近年来普遍存在着学生重视程度不够的问题。很多学生对毕业设计(论文)的目的和要求缺乏足够的认识,不少学生把毕业设计仅仅作为一门功课来看待,甚至认为其它功课已经通过,自然毕业设计肯定也会顺利通关,这种典型的应试式思维导致思想上的不重视。随着大规模的扩招,就业越来越难,学生要找忙于工作,投入毕业设计上的精力大大减少。在历年的毕业设计中也存在着前期文献调研与设计工作不努力,等到答辩前期突击的现象。
2)基础不扎实。毕业设计是大学教学过程的最后阶段采用的一种总结性的实践教学环节。通过毕业设计,培养学生综合运行所学的基础理论、专业知识和基本技能,分析与解决实际问题的能力,使学生获得从事实际工作所必须的基本训练和进行科学研究工作的初步能力。因此,学生对基础理论和专业课程的掌握水平直接影响毕业设计工作的开展。例如,我系部分学生由于平时对基础理论与专业课程的学习不够重视,看不懂专业的参考文献,系统方案设计不出来,经过指导老师耐心指导,仍有些同学一窍不通。涉及仿真,有一部分同学,连Matlab工具软件都还要现学。这些现象都体现学生的基础不够扎实,严重制约毕业设计的教学水平。
1.2教师因素
1)主观积极性。教师方面,由于不仅要承担繁重的教学任务,还需开展科研工作,带学生做毕业设计只是众多工作中的一项,用于毕业设计指导工作的时间和精力不足。我系教师教学任务尤其多,在毕业设计开展期间,多数教师还承担了课题教学,课程设计探索提高热工自动化专业毕业设计教学质量谢七月(长沙理工大学能源与动力工程学院)等教学工作。这几年绩效改革不鼓励超工作量,毕业设计工作又持续周期长,学生知识结构又层次不齐,因而有些教师对毕业设计态度不是很积极,指导效果明显受影响。
2)指导老师队伍本身的专业素养。热工自动化专业方向比较细,开设热工自动化专业的高校很有限,我系极少教师本科专业是热工自动化的。由于教师资源相对紧张,即使缺乏系统的工程化培训与实践的新进教师也承担了指导毕业设计的教学任务。甚至有的教师虽然没有能力指导毕业设计,但为了完成学校规定的教学任务,也只好勉强上阵,这也在一定程度上导致了毕业设计质量的下滑。而且现有的毕业设计指导教师队伍单一,不能很好的因材施教。
1.3客观因素
1)毕业设计时间过短,很大程度上影响了毕业设计的教学质量。毕业设计一般安排在大学最后一个学期,我校还在该学期安排毕业实习,部分同学还要忙于找工作、考研等各类事情,用于毕业设计的时间有限,满打满算仅仅14周,也就三个多月。而要在三个月内完成文献调研、文献翻译、开题、设计、实验、论文写作、答辩等一系列工作,很难保证还能有充足的时间对毕业课题做深入的研究。据我系历年数据,不能完成毕业设计要求的全部内容的学生多达40%,而能在短短三个多月内做出较好结果的学生不足10%,这类学生往往是提前参加了相关课题或是有扎实的基础,而基本完成任务书内容的学生将近50%。
2)毕业设计的考核方式单一,难以激励学生很好地完成毕业设计的任务。目前毕业设计的考核主要以答辩为主,尽管在毕业设计过程已经按前期检查、中期检查、毕业答辩三个阶段分别开展了检查考核,而且也制定了各阶段的阶段性指标,但指标不够具体,考核过程有时候流于形式,并没有严格考核。即便将考核模式向以实物、图纸、程序、科技论文、专利、竞赛结果为主的综合考核模式转变,但因这些内容无法在三个月内实现,因此,无实际全面实施考核的可能性。
3)管理机制已经不能完全适应毕业分类指导的需要,在一定程度上也影响了毕业设计的教学质量。学校和学院现有的教学管理模式是针对大多数学生的情况制定的,不够灵活,既难以充分发挥优秀学生的创造力,也难以提高落后学生的综合能力。对分类指导、因材施教的考虑不周全,毕业设计的整体教学水平难以提高。
4)其它客观因素。影响毕业设计的客观因素还有很多,例如,实验条件紧缺,企业合作较虚,大部分设计电厂自动化的实验缺乏实现条件。
2提高毕业设计质量的改革措施
2.1毕业设计时间的调整
从本届毕业设计开始,我校开始调整毕业设计的时间安排,把前期工作安排在第七学期最后三周,要求在这三周内完成文献调研,英文文献翻译以及开题报告。然后希望学生能够利用部分寒假时间进行毕业设计的后续工作,为开学初的毕业实习做准备工作,从而使得学生能够带着毕业设计中的问题参加毕业实习,增强毕业实习的针对性,最终提高毕业设计的质量。为了进一步的落实分类指导与因材施教,我系将根据学生的学习成绩安排给与更为合理的毕业设计时间。对于成绩前10%的特别优秀的学生,可以在第六学期初结合毕业后的计划开始进行毕业设计选题,在这学期内进行文献调研与英文文献的翻译工作,争取在第六学期末进行开题,利用大四一年时间完成具体设计和论文撰写,鼓励结合设计结果撰写与发表学术论文,毕业设计总时长达到三个学期,这个时间相当于目前2.5年制的研究生用于研究的时间,从而保障这部分优秀学生有充分的时间将毕业设计做的更加深入。对于成绩前30%左右的学生,则可在第七学期初选题、开题,毕业设计总时长为两个学期。对于成绩一般以及成绩特别差的学生,采用学校统一安排的毕业设计时间,第七学期中后期选题,第七学期末毕业设计开题,毕业设计总时长保持在半年以上。而对于动手能力特别强和参加各类课外科技竞赛的学生,可在第五学期完成选题,开题并将其毕业设计与竞赛结合,总时长为四个学期。
2.2指导方式改革探索
由于教师资源相对不足,为了更好指导毕业设计,我系正探索指导方式的改革。一方面,我系2014届和2015届毕业生均在120人左右,而现有专职教师只有15人,平均每位教师指导8名学生。另一方面,由于自动控制学科的发展日新月异,热工过程自动化也得到了快速发展,涉及的领域不断延伸,几乎包罗万象,不可能要求每位教师都对每个领域均有深入的认识。因此,在毕业设计的指导过程中,应该充分发挥教研团队的优势,探索集体指导和个人指导相结合的指导方式尤为重要。鉴于在毕业设计过程中,学生通常会遇到一系列的问题,尤其是面临工程实际方面的问题时,感到无所适从,急盼有教师的指导。因此,指导教师每周安排一次答疑与讨论,每个工作日下午安排一名教师开展集体指导。提前安排时间与地点,即时通知学生,学生既可得到指导教师的指导,还可根据自己的问题,选择相关领域的教师参加集体指导。
2.3毕业设计选题模式的探索
我校已使用毕业设计选题系统,先由教师命题上网,然后由学生上网选择,每位学生可以选择两个题目,最后指导教师确认。为了更好地因材施教,我系对选题工作进行了探索。首先从命题上把好质量关。要求指导教师分别在题目命题来源、命题类型、命题质量等方面下功夫,并对不同层次的学生采用不同的毕业设计命题。我系成立了毕业设计指导小组,在选题期间,组织教师对命题应在一定范围内进行严格评审打分,只有通过评审的题目才能予以通过。对于特别优秀的学生,尤其是保研的学生,将他们作为创新拔尖人才培养的主力,命题可以结合国家和省部级重点科研项目,从项目中抽取部分有一定深度和难度且带有前瞻性的课题,锻炼其科研能力和动手能力,冲刺校优秀毕业设计。对于成绩在前30%左右的学生,从科研项目中抽取部分动手和锻炼工作能力较强的课题,培养学生的创新意识与能力。对于成绩一般和较差的学生,命题结合生产实践,锻炼其在实际工作中解决问题的能力。而针对考研学生,可以选取一些相对难度较小的科研题目进行研究,注重科研能力的训练与培养,为将来研究生的深造打好基础。对于力争进入特别优秀学生的选题,系毕业设计指导小组将组织面试考核,考核成绩供命题教师参考。学生在选题期间,即时向指导教师汇报学习情况,命题教师根据选题学生的具体情况,选择与命题要求相吻合的学生,确定选题学生。
2.4管理制度方面的改革
为了加强对毕业设计的管理,根据学校与学院对毕业设计的管理规定,我系制定了管理细则,探索从制度建设方面保障毕业设计的质量,主要改革方面如下:
1)加强对学生在毕业设计期间的管理。在毕业设计动员大会上,毕业设计指导小组给学生阐明毕业设计的严肃性,明确指出毕业设计将从严把关,从而使得学生端正毕业设计的学习态度。毕业设计过程中,学生必须在指导教师指定的场所开展工作,从而便于指导教师检查与指导,规定学生每个工作日必须在指定场所,无特殊情况不得请假,由指定学生负责每天的考勤,系指导小组将不定期进行考勤检查,从而改变以往懒散的作风。学生每周参与答疑,即时汇报毕业设计进展,指导教师将记录每周的答疑情况。指导教师严格根据学生的平时表现评定学生的平时成绩。
2)加强对指导教师的督查工作。为了督促教师积极参与毕业设计的指导工作,学校与学院有教学督导会进行常规的教学检查。我系将加强这方面的督查,每周向学生调查指导教师的指导情况。为了充分调动指导教师的积极性,将设立经费进行奖励,对认真负责的指导教师要予以奖励,为了公平起见,对于指导非特别优秀学生获得优秀毕业设计的教师,系将加大力度奖励。对于指导不力的指导教师,限制下年的指导人数。
3)严格考核毕业设计过程的各个阶段。为了使得学生和教师高度重视毕业设计,有必要加强对毕业设计过程各阶段的考核,而不是只注重毕业设计的最后结果。将整个毕业设计过程分三阶段进行检查考核:第一阶段(毕业设计工作初期):检查师资配备和设备条件、课题审查情况及学生选题结果。第二阶段(中期):深入教学现场,进行实地检查,通过观察、提问,考察学生的工作状况;了解学生对教学工作的反映;同时检查教师的工作状况,依据毕业设计管理细则对教师与学生的各项指标进行打分。第三阶段(后期):这个阶段重点抓好答辩资格审查工作与成绩评定工作。学生答辩前,要进行答辩资格审查。学生按规定时间完成毕业设计任务,经“审阅”、“评阅”合格后,方可参加答辩。毕业设计成绩由“审阅”“评阅”“答辩”三个环节组成,各环节成绩占总成绩的比例分别为40%、30%、30%。由指导教师、评阅教师、答辩小组分别写出评语并给成绩,最后综合评定学生的成绩。为了避免教师担心自己带的学生成绩偏低或答辩通不过给自己带来麻烦,系指导小组将协调后续工作,使得指导教师能客观评分。为了客观公正进行评阅,采用集体交叉盲审形式。严格按程序组织答辩,避免走过场。
3结束语
就现在开发OA的技术来说,主要集中分为三大类:基于C/S结构的应用程序开发,结合C/S结构和Web技术的复合应用程序,基于B/S结构的动态网页技术。以下将分析这三类技术的各自优缺点:
C/S结构系统:是传统开发模式,一般以数据库和客户端的两层结构实现,也有加入中间件的三层或多层结构,在OA早期是标准的系统模式,但随着计算机技术的发展和网络的发展,它已经无法满足现在的远程网络办公和移动办公,逐渐在被取代
C/S+Web技术:是为了补充C/S结构的不足,在C/S基础上加入Web技术来实现对远程数据的获取,但拥有一定局限性,如数据及时更新、软件升级等问题就无法很好解决
B/S结构系统:是援用动态网页技术,加入OA的开发理念,完全适应网络办公和移动办公需求,也是现代办公自动化系统的首选技术。
就B/S结构的开发,具体技术又有多种选择:JSP+J2EE,ASP+IIS,ASP.net+Microsoft .NET Framework,PHP+Apache,就这几门技术,可以说各有其优缺点,分析如下:
JSP技术:具有良好的跨平台性,加上J2EE功能十分强大,但是J2EE的布置使开发成本显得略高,而且没有良好的安装界面
PHP技术:是早期动态网页技术中的强手,但随着JSP技术与ASP技术的不断更新,使得PHP技术稍微比较落后
ASP技术:类似于PHP技术,开发简便,快速,加上IIS的功能支持,是比较简易快速的开发技术
ASP.net:可以说是ASP技术的替代技术,是ASP的一大进步,在Microsoft .NET Framework的强大支持下,可以使用C#、VB、java script三种语言来编写代码,采用预先编译技术,使得代码安全性加强
最终讨论结果:在针对于中小型企业用户,建议采用ASP.net技术,理由是,该技术易于服务器的维护,成本相对较低,开发周期较短
在针对政府部门用户,建议采用JSP或ASP.net技术,理由是,政府部门服务器很多已经改装为Linux系统,在该平台下采用JSP技术较成熟;如果是Windows用户,则采用ASP.net技术
二、OA概述
人们普遍使用计算机来提高个人工作效率,但是在需要许多人一起协同工作的现代工作环境中,我们更需要提高我们的整体工作效率。利用网络通讯基础及先进的网络应用平台,建设一个安全、可靠、开放、高效的信息网络和办公自动化、信息管理电子化系统,为管理部门提供现代化的日常办公条件及丰富的综合信息服务,实现档案管理自动化和办公事务处理自动化,以提高办公效率和管理水平,实现企业各部门日常业务工作的规范化、电子化、标准化,增强档案部门文书档案、人事档案、科技档案、 财务档案等档案的可管理性,实现信息的在线查询、借阅。最终实现“无纸”办公。
办公自动化,一个极大的概念,一个炒作了很久的概念。无论是办公设备公司,还是系统集成公司,都大力推出自己的办公自动化产品。有办公设备、办公自动化电脑、办公自动化软件。可见,办公自动化中内容庞大,可为空间不可小视。那么,首先我们来探讨一个问题,什么是办公?
办公实际就是文件的制作、修改、传递、签定、保存、销毁、存档的过程。那么随着文件的这一流程,产生了各种各样的设备。随着技术的发展,计算机网络技术的进步,办公自动化网络的建设也得到了大力推广。
传统的办公模式主要以纸介质为主,在信息革命的浪潮中,显然已经远远不能满足高效率、快节奏的现代工作和生活的需要。如何实现信息处理的自动化和办公的无纸化逐步得到了人们的重视。
传统办公模式
办公自动化提了多年,但效果并不明显,人们还是停留在单机字处理和表格处理的所谓办公自动化的初级阶段。信息的交流和共享,以及团队的协同运作等无法完美的实现,极大地限制了工作的效率。
Internet/Intranet的迅猛发展,为信息的交流和共享,团队的协同运作提供了技术的保证,同时也预示着网络化办公时代来临。
网络化办公模式
现有办公自动化系统和大型信息管理系统中,企业业务流程重组或者是文件流转功能都是核心功能。同时我们也认为,企业办公主要是一个文件流转的过程,所有的办公事务都可以抽象成一个数据库表单。
传统的办公自动化系统和大型MIS系统在处理企业管理流程中大多采用企业业务流程重组(BKR),其核心思想就是要先优化企业业务管理流程,再根据优化后的流程建设企业信息系统。这样不仅在系统建设中工作量巨大,同时面临来自企业内部重重的阻碍。
我们的核心思想是;前期系统建设中不牵涉企业内部业务流程重组,只是协助企业通过方便的流程自定义等功能进行流程电子化,以及不断根据实际需求去改变电子化流程。
三、系统结构设计
现在的网络办公自动化系统可以说百家争鸣,各有所长,但是一般的B/S结构系统都做得比较固定,也就是针对某个行业甚至某个企业而开发的,有诸多的限制和代码固化,不利于灵活的OA定制和客户化!而且很多OA系统都具有相同的功能,只是表现手法和操作流程有所不同罢了,所以,他们的基本是一致的,是有共性的,是可以统一的。
我的基础思想是开发一个底层的通用型OA平台,在此平台下实现OA系统的主要功能模块的底层操作,这样,当针对某个企业或者政府部门开发OA系统时,只需在此基础上稍加修改,就可以成为一套具有很强针对性的OA系统,这样方便该系统的二次开发,也方便于针对不通性质部门单位的OA系统的定制。
可以看出,底层通用型管理模块是整个OA系统的基础,而应用层模块是面对客户的,它是界面和业务逻辑的结合体,针对不通企业将有所不通,这种结构将很好的解决一套OA的多种定制功能,便于二次开发。
四、通用型管理模块功能划分
针对于这个底层模块,它并不需要实现实际的功能,它主要是负责完成应用层交付的任务和与底层数据库交换数据,所以它的功能是比较抽象的、统一的和可扩展的。虽然如此,我们还是将这个模块按不同的功能细分,因为办公系统有些模块之间联系并不紧密,比如公文管理系统与公共信息系统,邮件管理系统与办公设备管理系统之间的联系就不是那么紧密,甚至可以完全分开。所以我们的底层管理模块针对于这些情况,主要分为功能子模块:
1.公文管理
公文管理主要负责公文的发送与接受工作,发送流程按照流程定
制来完成,所以还包括流程定制功能。这三大块是OA的核心部分,实现也最为复杂,特别是流程定制功能,是一个非常灵活的模块,它决定了该OA系统的效率和可用性
2.邮件管理
邮件管理主要功能是发送与接受内部邮件,发送与接受外部邮件(外部邮件服务器必须支持pop3),邮件需要存入数据库,以便今后浏览查询
3.表单管理
表单管理是一个辅模块,基本上在其他所有模块都有可能用大它的功能,它主要是实现表单模板的定制,表单的存储,打印等功能。在一个企业,表单是很重要的一个东西,它在办公过程中出现的频率紧次于公文,所以这个模块也非常重要,并且表单的定制与打印是一个技术难点
4.档案管理
档案管理功能是对准备归档的公文或者企业各类合同、协议、文件、指示、资料等的一个合理存储与查阅功能,针对于复杂的分类和查阅权限,实现合理存取,管理得基本功能
5.人事管理
人事管理功能主要包括:员工资料管理,员工薪资管理,员工考勤管理,员工权限管理,部门机构管理,部门任命管理等等公司内部人事管理的所有功能,本子模块将以底层视角反应员工得管理,包括职务和所属性质都将按统一模式规划,便于应用层定制模块
6.日程安排
日程安排是办公系统的一个必不可少的辅助功能,可分为个人日程,部门日程,主要需要解决的是日程的基本存储和信息提示
7.公共信息管理
公共信息包含:公司新闻、文档、员工论坛、资料下载等功能,主要是针对所有部门的一个共用系统,该系统可以采用传统模式,如论坛可以采用BBS系统等,底层主要是统一规范,提供基本功能
8.会议管理
会议对于任何一个公司都是重要的,而会议的形式随着网络的发展也变得多样化起来,除了传统的会议,还有网络会议,视频会议等新型会议方式,使得相隔甚远的人之间也可以有了当面交流的环境。对于相隔较远的部门,如总公司与子公司之间的交流建议采用非视频的网络会议,因为这个即可以满足网速,也可以满流得需求。对于处于同一个大厦的各部门,建议使用视频会议,因为加入多媒体的功能,可以使得会议气氛跟贴近传统会议的效果,而且交流也更人性化,同时也可以得到局域网网速得支持。
这功能子模块都是OA系统得基础,在此之上,我们可以创建更多的功能和辅助,可以使得OA的定制变得轻松而丰富。
五、总结
【关键字】电气工程及自动化;应用型人才;实践教学
电气工程专业主要特点是强弱电结合、软件与硬件结合、理论知识学习与实践应用能力培养相结合。随着社会经济和科学技术的发展,对于电气工程及其自动化专业学生的知识结构而言,培养范围不仅要有一级学科“电气工程”的特色,应具备“强弱电”的知识结构,而且也应当具备较广的人文、社会等方面的知识,有较强的实践动手能力。因此要加快实验室建设步伐,逐步实现实验教学条件现代化,必须积极开拓,建好一批有层次、相对稳定的实习教学基地。
1 电气工程及其自动化专业课程体系的探讨
随着科技的发展,电气工程的学科结构、研究领域、技术领域发生了很大变化。电气工程愈来愈多地应用信息技术、计算机技术、通信技术、电力电子技术和自动化技术,电气工程及其自动化专业内涵也发展演变为强电和弱电结合、电工技术和电子技术结合、软件和硬件结合、元件和系统结合。要求培养的学生具有解决电气工程与自动控制技术问题的基本能力。电气工程学科的主要任务是提高电力系统和用电设备的技术含量和运行质量,提高运行的合理性和可靠性,提高运行效率。弱电知识需要越来越多,强弱电融合是电气工程专业教育的必然趋势。电气工程及其自动化专业课程体系的构建:
1.1 根据培养目标确定对学生知识结构和能力结构的要求
根据培养目标,学生应该具备的主要知识结构和能力结构为:第一点是要求掌握比较扎实的数学、物理等自然科学的基础知识,具有较好的人文社会科学基础和外语综合能力;第二点是要具有系统地掌握电路理论、电子技术、电力拖动与控制、计算机基础及应用等专业知识,具有解决和处理企、事业单位中日常电气控制与运行的技术能力;第三点是应获得较好工程实践训练,具有较熟练的计算机应用能力和较强的工作适应能力,具备一定的科学研究、技术开发、实际工作能力;第四点是掌握文献检索、资料查询的基本方法,具有一定的市场分析和决策能力,通过锻炼能够在企、事业单位从事管理与决策工作。
1.2 如何构建课程体系
按专业培养目标和培养方向,结合用人单位对专业人才素质、知识和技能的要求,要根据学生应具备和达到的知识结构和能力结构构建课程体系,课程的设置和专业教学内容不是毫无联系的排列,研究课程的内在联系,形成条块清晰而又相互融合的专业体系结构是必需的。根据本专业特点,除了公共基础课程大平台外,涉及本专业的课程可划分为四个课程群:电子技术课程群、计算机应用技术课程群、自动控制课程群、电机与电能系统课程群。
电气工程学科的快速发展与应用离不开电子技术的飞速发展,所以本专业应加强电子技术课程设置并优化其教学内容,特别是应加强集成电路、超大规模集成电路、可编程超大规模集成电路CPLD等内容的学习。由于自动化的发展一直都是借助计算机技术的发展而发展的,所以工业自动化的前途在于计算机技术服务于控制技术的发展,因此从小的控制装置到大型的控制系统都要应用计算机技术。课程设置包括计算机应用基础、程序设计、微机原理及应用、单片机原理与接口技术、嵌入式处理器及操作系统、数字信号处理器(DSP)原理及应用、工业计算机网络等。另外工业工程系统实现的重要原理及技术,对于促进学生专业思想的形成,理解专业构建的体系以及对今后的控制工程应用都是十分重要的。
按照学生学习过程中的认知规律和实践教学自身的客观规律,与学习的不同阶段相对应,研究建立了四层次结构实践教学体系。它的层次性体现于从低年级到高年级循序渐进、由浅入深,从认识性实践,到验证性、设计性、综合性及创新实践。培养具有工程素质、创新能力和较强动手能力,能独立分析解决实际问题的应用型高级人才,不仅在理论教学中应致力于理论的应用,更重要的是加强实践环节,建立知识和能力并重、实验教学与理论教学有机结合,而且相对独立的实验教学体系。
2 加强实践教学管理
首先通过对课程的优化,减少验证性实验,增加综合性、设计性实验和系统性的实习环节。通过开放性实验和创新学分平台,开展个性化实践教学改革,让学生根据自己就业意向、实习兴趣和特长,选择实验内容和设计方案,组织实验和实习教学。在系统的实习过程中要求学生完成从元件的选择到系统的组装,从单元电路调试到系统调试,使其具有系统实践应用能力。
2.1 要抓紧实践教学的质量
在合理构建实践教学体系中,努力建设相对完整、与理论教学联系紧密的实践教学体系。实践教学内容的更新,必须注重加强对学生创新思维和综合能力的培养。要对现有的实验教学内容进行整合,进一步减少验证性实验,增加综合性、设计性及研究创新型实验。要充分利用网络等现代化技术及先进的教学手段,积极使用计算机教学软件和多媒体教学课件,推广运用虚拟仿真技术和实践相结合,并逐步建立以学生为主体、以学生自我学习和训练为主的实践教学开放教学体系,并逐步扩大开放教学的比例。不同类型的实践教学环节(实验、实习、课程计、生产实习、毕业论文与毕业设计等)在教学计划中的学分、顺序及时间分配等方面要符合培养目标要求,要与相关课程保持协调一致的关系。
2.2 要保证实践教学基本条件
我们一方面要聘请基地所在单位的专家、专业技术人员和管理干部一起参与实习教学环节的管理和指导;另一方面积极帮助基地所在单位开展员工技术培训、科技开发和科研等工作,使实习基地同时成为科技开发和人才培训基地。在互惠互利的基础上,不断拓展校外实习基地建设的新道路。以实现加快实验室建设步伐,逐步实现实验教学条件现代化的目的。实践教学各环节的规范化管理是保证实践教学质量的基本前提。理顺管理体制,建立与完善实践教学评价体系,是提高实践教学质量的重要措施。
3 电气工程及自动化专业培养目标及方法
基础课一定要给较多学时,让学生牢固掌握,为后续课程的学习和自主学习提供有力的保障。专业课的门数较多,学时较少,主要给学生介绍专业内容和国内外发展动向。在重点、难点讲解的基础上,激发学生的学习兴趣,培养学生的自学能力和终生学习思想。电气工程专业在一定程度上要进一步拓宽专业口径,新的强电专业的人才必须掌握更多的信息技术、自动化技术和计算机技术。遵照教育要“面向现代化,面向世界,面向未来”的精神,贯彻德智体全面发展, 培养基础理论扎实,知识面宽,重视理论联系实际,强化实践动手能力,重视自学能力、创新能力和“复合型”“应用型”人才的培养。针对电气自动化技术的不断发展变化,理论教学内容也应进行适当调整,删除一些陈旧落后的技术课程,加入一些最新技术和当前应用比较广泛的技术作为课堂教学内容。
为使我们培养的人才能顺利进入市场参与竞争,高等学校的毕业证书和学位证书是毕业生获得从事相应专业工作的必备的两张准入证。专业人员职业资格证书(高级维修电工)是毕业生获得从事相应专业工作的又一准入证。在此基础上学生走向社会,经一段时间的工作锻炼,可向注册工程师等有关的专业技术人员职业岗位的资格认证努力。
4 结语
世界科学技术迅猛发展和信息时代的到来,对我国高等人才的规格和质量要求也越来越高。另外,我国社会主义现代化进程及经济发展的需要,使高等人才的培养面临着新的挑战。在人才培养过程中,我们应注重强电与弱电结合、软件与硬件结合、元件与系统结合、运行与制造结合,使学生毕业后的就业有很强的适应性,既可以从事电力系统及其相关领域的工作,也可以在自动化及信息技术领域从事工程设计、研究开发、系统运行等其他方面的工作。
参考文献:
关键词: 高职机电专业毕业设计 质量提高方法 措施
毕业设计(论文)环节是高职院实现人才培养目标极为重要的综合性实践教学环节,是培养学生运用所学知识分析解决实际问题能力、增强学生专业工作能力、培养创新精神、进一步提高综合素质的有效教学手段。
近年来就业形势日益严峻、高等职业教育规模的扩张,毕业设计期间又恰逢学生寻找工作等诸多客观因素的影响,使得毕业设计出现了很多质量问题。具体表现在:(1)大部分学生对毕业设计不重视,不能处理好毕业设计、顶岗实习与就业的关系;(2)学生缺乏学术论文写作的基本素养,缺乏资料查阅、整理、分析、归纳、检索等获取信息的能力;(3)毕业设计过程流于形式,理论与实践脱节,有些学生仅仅依赖于教材、资料的理论知识拼凑论文,对于自己的设计没有通过实践验证,纸上谈兵多,实际动手少。最终创作的毕业论文很难有实际的应用价值。(4)成绩评定不能完全做到公正客观。学生论文抄袭原始资料现象严重,有些学生在最后答辩环节明显缺乏对所做内容的理解和把握。那么,如何改革毕业设计,提高毕业设计(论文)质量,达到高职教育人才培养目标的要求?我结合机电专业的毕业设计的探索与实践谈谈认识。
一、提前做好毕业设计准备工作
1.时间上的调整。指导老师提前在第四学期期末考试结束就与学生见面,布置题目,下达毕业设计任务。一方面使学生尽快了解课题的类型和方向,另一方面便于教师提前了解学生的情况,如专业学习情况、个人发展方向,等等,从而能够合理地安排设计任务。另外,安排学生利用暑假,对机械制图、计算机绘图、电路分析、单片机、电气控制与PLC、气压传动等毕业设计相关专业知识内容进行重新温习,并要求学生完成课题资料查询、研究方案的确立等工作,为第五学期毕业设计的顺利进行做好知识上的准备。第五学期第十一周起进入毕业综合实训环节,主要是毕业设计和赴企业进行顶岗实习,第十一周起有计划地在指导教师的指导下对毕业设计内容予以进一步完善,第五学期不进行答辩,待顶岗实习结束后,第六学期再回学校参加答辩。
2.指导教师充分准备,试做课题。在毕业设计过程中,指导教师准备得是否充分,将直接决定毕业设计质量的高低。教师除应认真准备毕业设计的课题和任务书外,还需对课题进行认真的试做。通过企业调研和分析,得到企业中机电应用产品研发和生产岗位典型工作过程,明确产品功能、准备技术器件资料、硬件设计、硬件制作、软件设计、软硬件联调、产品制作、产品测试。通过试做课题,教师能更好地把握课题的难度和工作量,科学地预测学生在毕业设计各个阶段可能出现的问题,从而能够根据学生的具体情况合理地分配设计任务。
3.毕业设计题目提前渗透至相关课程学习当中,为毕业设计的完成打下扎实的基础。毕业设计是一项综合性的实践环节,一个优秀的毕业设计离不开专业知识的支撑。因此,专业课程的学习尤为重要。在课程学习过程中将毕业设计课题渗透进课堂,让学生带着问题去学,这样可以激发学生学习的欲望,培养学生的创新能力。同时也为大三学生顺利地完成毕业设计打下扎实的基础。以“单片机应用技术”课程教学为例,本课程以智能运动小车作为教学内容载体,该教学载体以单片机作为控制核心,包括运动控制系统、显示系统、智能感应系统,等等。通过这一载体将单片机应用技术中的各种能力贯穿始终。由于智能运动小车的功能具有很强的扩展性,完全可以作为毕业设计的课题进行综合的设计和研究,因此在课程教学过程中要有意识地培养学生的设计意识和思路。
当然,在课程学习过程中,学生可以根据自己的专业兴趣在保证课程合格的前提下有侧重地加强某门课程或者某几门课程的学习,在此过程中专业老师可以了解学生的具体情况以便于今后毕业设计的分组和选题工作能有实效地开展。
二、立足实际,科学选题
1.以就业为导向,从实际出发,选择不同的课题。课题必须围绕专业人才培养目标,符合专业岗位能力要求,具有较高的应用性。目前,机电一体化专业就业岗位的需求有三个方向:机电一体化设备制造与维修、机床数控技术应用、自动机(线)的运行与维修。要按照不同的专业化方向,确定毕业设计课题,对于机电一体化设备制造与维修方向,课题方向重点应放在机械方面,加强钳工与电工电子训练;对于机床数控技术应用方向,应增强学生的车工实习及数控机床编程与操作能力;对于自动机(线)的运行与维修方向,应向电的方面适当偏移,加强电工及单片机与可编程控制器训练。我校机电一体化专业定向于自动生产线的运行与维修方向,在确定毕业设计课题时,结合制造业发展现状,选择那些围绕机电一体化进行产品开发或把微电子技术用于设计、制造、测试和研究等方面的题目,例如单片机控制系统设计、工业机器人系统分析、可编程控制器(PLC)技术及应用设计,等等。
2.毕业设计的选题要坚持理论与实践相结合的原则。课题的选定要结合目前专业的实际设备,立足实际,避免脱离实践的纯理论性的题目。我校机电一体化专业目前已经拥有较先进的PLC实训装置、气动实训装置、机电检测实训平台、单片机实训设备、自动生产线训练装置、机电一体化实训装置,等等。因此,毕业设计的选题应考虑到我们现有的实训设备,为学生毕业设计的实施提供良好的硬件环境。只有结合实际“真题实做”,才能培养出创新型、实用型人才。当然,在毕业设计期间已经开始顶岗实习的同学,可以结合生产岗位选择毕业设计题目。应鼓励学生结合岗位实践内容选择毕业设计(或论文)课题,但必须有企业专人指导并报学院批准。
3.通过各类技能大赛的锻炼和渗透,以学生兴趣为中心进行毕业设计选题,可以广泛发掘学生的创造力,选题更具有可行性。专业老师组织学生参加院内外的各类技能大赛,将技能竞赛与教学改革相结合。比如机器人大赛,结合单片机课程的学习,选择一个机器人项目,等等。我校目前已经成功举行了智能搬运机器人比赛,模拟了工业自动化过程中自动化物流系统实际工作过程。设计一个轮式或人形小型机器人,在比赛场地里移动,将不同颜色、形状或者材质的物体分类搬运到不同的对应位置。比赛的记分根据机器人将物体放置的位置精度和完成时间来决定。又如“自动线安装与调试”技能大赛,参赛队在规定时间内,根据任务书的要求,以现场操作“***自动生产线实训考核装置”的方式,完成自动生产线设备部分工作单元的机械安装和调整,气动回路的安装、连接和调整,电气控制电路的设计、安装和布线,传感器安装与调整,PLC编程,人机界面组态,电机驱动(含变频器及对应电机、伺服驱动器及伺服电机)参数设定,以及系统统调、运行等工作。我们通过大赛的锻炼,激发了学生的学习兴趣,开阔了学生视野,丰富了学生知识,提高了学生的综合素质与能力,培养了其团队意识与合作精神。参加技能大赛的同学,毕业设计的题目可选择大赛的某个方向展开设计,并撰写论文。通过技能大赛的锻炼和渗透,不仅可以提高学生的设计兴趣,而且能为毕业设计的顺利完成奠定扎实的专业基础。
三、加强过程指导和管理,严格考核制度
对毕业设计全过程实施质量监控是提高质量的保证。加强过程考核,量化毕业设计平时成绩的评定。表1为毕业设计(论文)总评成绩评定参考标准。总评成绩由指导教师考核成绩(40%)、作品(成果)鉴定成绩(20%)、论文评阅成绩(20%)、设计(论文)答辩成绩(20%)四大部分组成。指导老师考核成绩由指导老师评定,其余三项成绩由相应的评审组老师评定。
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实施周检查制度,要求学生每周以幻灯片形式进行汇报。汇报的主要内容是本周所做的主要工作、遇到的主要问题、问题的解决方法及心得体会等。汇报过程中,指导老师做好记录,填写《毕业设计指导工作记录本》,对毕业设计指导工作进行实时记载,学生汇报完毕后,指导教师综合各位学生的情况加以总结,并就学生所提出的问题加以解释与指导。周检查制度作为毕业设计平时成绩评定的重要依据。同时,学生随时写好《毕业设计日志》,内容与教师的《毕业设计指导工作记录本》相配套。这样,教师与学生交流紧密,双向监督,有利于加强毕业设计工作的全过程指导与管理。
毕业设计作品或成果可以是程序、实物、现象、方案等可以表现毕业课题成果的东西。让作品成为毕业设计的主要内容,并在总评成绩中占有一定比例。
对学生数集中的个别单位,因岗位需要无法回校参加答辩的由单位出具证明,学院安排老师到企业答辩。严格的答辩将有利于学生树立良好的学风,促进学生认真做好毕业设计。正确认识毕业设计的重要性将有利于保障和提高教学质量。
表1 毕业设计(论文)总评成绩评定参考标准
另外,毕业设计期间,指导老师要为学生进行资料查阅、文献检索、论文写作能力的培训,培养学生学术论文写作的基本素养。当然,在整个毕业设计指导过程中,要把学术道德教育和思想教育工作贯穿始终,加强学生的诚信教育,在处于即将走上工作岗位的过渡阶段,帮助学生树立良好的心态,促进毕业生克服不利情绪的同时顺利完成毕业设计。这种关心和指导可在每周进行检查时多与学生交流,也鼓励学生之间的交流。
四、尝试毕业设计与顶岗实习一体化改革方案
学生可选择到企业顶岗实习期间开展毕业设计,将毕业设计、顶岗实习有机结合。指导学生在顶岗实习的过程中,同时完成毕业设计(论文)。鼓励学生在顶岗实习期间,从事与专业对口的顶岗实习企业生产和技术领域相关的毕业课题设计。学生带着毕业设计的任务进行顶岗实习,不论是操作控制、质量检验还是装配、测试岗位,都能爱岗敬业,并随时记录,在生产实践中收集自己毕业设计所需的资料和数据。这样最终必然将以较高的质量完成顶岗实习和毕业设计。若能取得优异的成绩,则被企业接收,顺利就业。这样拓宽了就业渠道,增加了就业的机会。这种一体化的教学模式体现了工学结合、产学一体的职教模式。
当然,要想使这种一体化的教学模式取得良好的效果,校企双方应该共同指导、共同管理。每个学生都必须由校内专业教师和企业指导老师共同指导。校内老师可制定一个详细可行的计划和阶段性的目标,督查毕业设计的进展情况,指导论文写作的规范,并协助解决理论问题,定期与学生沟通,沟通方式可以多样化,比如:电话、QQ、Email,等等。企业指导老师负责从单位的实际出发,现场指导、规范操作、分析故障并解决问题。
五、结语
以上改革措施已在机电专业08级毕业生中进行了实践,经实践证明这些策略能充分调动学生的积极性和参与性,提高毕业设计质量。当然,如何提高高职毕业设计质量,是牵涉多个因素的综合课题,需要我们不断实践、不断总结,完善质量控制措施,使毕业设计教学真正成为培养学生创新精神、职业素质和综合实践能力的重要途径。
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关键词:电气工程及其自动化专业教学改革人才培养方案
前言:随着我国电气工程及其自动化技术的发展,各中等职业学校电气工程及其自动化专业都在积极进行学科建设,促进深化该专业教学改革,在专业建设和教学理念上实现变革,更新传统的教学观念。以正确的办学理念和专业建设观念为指导思想,以实施质量工程为主题,牢固树立学生、教师发展为本的办学理念,以市场为导向,进行人才培养方案的建设与改革,夯实工程基础,强化实践性教学,培养出为建设品牌特色专业服务。
1.人才培养方案的建设与改革
人才培养方案是实现专业培养目标、构建教育体系,确定教学内容,组织教学活动的总体设计。首先,要把培养适应工程生产第一线的现实和发展需要的工程中等技能型应用人才作为服务面向定位。其次,以市场为导向,结合服务面向定位和专业人才培养目标,以素质教育为主题,以工程教育为主线,确定学生的知识、能力、素质结构。第三,强化工程教育,是工程教育贯穿人才培养的全过程,实行“通识与专业并重的专业教育”教学模式,通识课平台与工程学科平台课为工程基础教育阶段,专业平台课为工程专业教学阶段。前者主要培养现代工程意识,夯实工程基础,掌握工程工具;后者加强工程的实践训练,培养工程的具体能力,重点是强化知识创新、设计创新、工程创新、工艺和技术创新。再就注重学生个性发展,加强因材施教,努力培养应用型人才。培养学生主动追求、自我设计知识结构和专业方向的能力,通过逐步夸大选修课的种类和数量、开设跨系选修课和跨学科辅修专业、实行学分制、精简课内学时、设置课外学分等措施引导和培养学生的个性。
2.夯实工程基础,强化实践性教学
电气工程及其自动化专业是一个工程性很强的专业,为使学生获得较好的工程实践训练,,具有良好的工程意识,实践意识和质量意识,综合分析学科技术问题的能力,能处理解决实际工作中遇到的相关技术问题,因此要夯实工程基础,强化实践性教学。
一是硬件基础建设。要培养中等技术应用型人才,必须有必备的硬件设施和条件,这是形成中等职业教育应用型特色人才培养的物质基础。加强实验室建设和实训基地建设是专业建设的一项重要任务,拓展校外实践基地建设的同时完善专业实验室建设。
二是工程意识和工程素质的培养。强化教师的实践动手能力。根据本专业特点和培养目标,对现有的教师要增强实验动手能力的培训,每年派出教师到工厂调研、学习,了解新技术在工厂的应用,了解生产一线从事的工程设计、试验、制造和生产工艺与技术创新,提高教师的专业技术应用能力和研究开发能力。对引进的人才要特别注意考察其实践技能,目的是保证本专业相关的教师均能指导实践性教学。加强并引导学生的实习、见习、社会考察活动,注重工程意识和工程能力的培养,求实效。
三是软件建设。加强实验室管理,充实实验室的人员,建立和健全实验室的规章制度,提高实验人员的实验管理水平。编写实验指导书、实践教学大纲,聘请专家参与实践教学,共同培养学生的专业实践能力。要加强实验、实践教学改革,完成实践性教学内容的重组和优化,实现每门专业实验课程都有60%以上的综合应用、创新性设计实验,切实保证提高学生的原创性、创新性研究和实践的思维和动手能力,切实培养学生对工业自动化传统技术和现代技术的应用能力。
四是建立考核评估机制。构建学生、教师双向信息反馈与评估,教学观摩与教学经验研讨,期中(末)教学检查为主要方式的教学质量控制体系,实行课程负责制和主讲教师制度。实行教学示范课与观摩课制度,实行听课评课和教学研讨制度;改革教学方式与教学手段(多媒体教学、双语教学);改革实验课教学内容和教学方法,增加综合性、设计性实验课程;努力提高学生的实验技能、动手能力;继续实行学生奖励制度(包括考研、科技创新、英语、计算机过级和各类比赛等)。严格执行《教学工作管理条例》,将教师的教学纪律、教学效果和教研成果纳入教师年终考核。
PLC(可编程控制器)作为一种工业控制微型计算机,它以其编程方便、操作简单尤其是它的高可*性等优点,在工业生产过程中得到了广泛的应用。它应用大规模集成电路,微型机技术和通讯技术的发展成果,逐步形成了具有多种优点和微型,中型,大型,超大型等各种规格的系列产品,应用于从继电器控制系统到监控计算机之间的许多控制领域。
随着社会的不断发展,楼房越来越高,而电梯成为了高层楼房的必须设备。电梯从手柄开关操纵电梯、按钮控制电梯发展到了现在的群控电梯,为高层运输做出了不可磨灭的贡献。
PLC在电梯升降控制上的应用主要体现在它的逻辑开关控制功能。由于PLC具有逻辑运算,计数和定时以及数据输入输出的功能。在电梯升降过程中,各种逻辑开关控制与PLC很好的结合,很好的实现了对升降的控制。 本文主要讨论研究利用日本OMRON公司的C系列P型机对电梯的升降进行控制,形成电梯控制系统。
关键词:PLC, 电梯升降控制, OMRON;
ABSTRACT
PLC (Programmable Logical Controller) took one kind most important, the application situation most industries control microcomputer, it is convenient, operation simple in particular by its programming merit and so on redundant reliability, obtained the widespread application in the industrial production process. It applies the large scale integrated circuit, the miniature machine technology and the communication technology development achievement, gradually formed had the many kinds of merits and miniature, medium, large-scale, ultra large-scale and so on each kind of specification series product, applied to monitors between the computer from the control system many controls domain.
After humanity's more than centuries unremitting endeavors, the elevator already from the handle switch operation elevator, the push-button control elevator develops to the present group control elevator, has made the indelible contribution for the high level transportation. This function enable PLC to have the logic operation, counts with fixed time as well as the data feeds output function. Rises and falls in the process in the elevator, each logical switch control and PLC very good This article main discussion studies using Japanese OMRON Corporation's C series P molding machine carries on the control to the elevator fluctuation, forms the elevator control system
Keywords: 5-floor elevator, PLC, OMRON
第1章 引 言
1.1 前言
随着变频技术和PLC控制技术的发展,自动化应用也越来越多,由于一些行业的的要求或是由于工作和场地的特殊情况,电气控制部分一般都很简单,多数采用人工手动控制或采用继电器控制方式。这些升降机械存在一些明显的问题,如启动停止和运行不平稳,升降运动过程动作不可靠,自动化程度不高,故障率较高,设备能耗高,无法应急运行,存在安全隐患等等。基于这些问题使得这些升降机械很难在生产生活中发挥高效率的作用,同时也使得国内这些生产的升降机械无法与进口的自动化生产线配套使用,也无法根据实际的生产需要转换和调整升降机械的动作方式和工作顺序。
电梯作为现代智能建筑内的代步工具。越来越显示出它的重要作用,为了适应电梯的迅速发展。由PLC控制代替传统继电器控制已成为发展定局PLC是集计算机控制、自动控制技术、通信技术为一体的新型自动控制装置。它的编程软件采用易学易懂的梯形图语言!控制灵方便,抗干扰能力强,运行稳定可靠,本次设计对传统电梯控制方式加以更新,运用高性价比的现代PLC控制方式,力求以人性化、智能化方向推存出新!设计出一款高效、安全、价廉;能个性化组合且能在商业办公楼、行政大楼、中小型宾馆和居民公寓中发挥显著作用的普及型电梯控制系统。实际上电梯是根据外部呼叫信号和自身控制规律等运行的,而呼叫是随机的,电梯实际上是一个人机交互式的控制系统,单纯用顺序控制或逻辑控制都不能满足控制要求。因此,本系统采用经验设计法为主的设计方法,取得了良好的效果。
1.2 课题任务的提出
针对控制要求,选用MOV指令CMP指令为主,即先把轿厢所在楼层号传送到一个通道中,再把呼梯楼层号传送到另一个通道中,然后将这两个通道的内容进行比较。若呼梯楼号大于轿厢所在楼号则电梯上行( 若呼梯楼号小于轿厢所在楼号则电梯下行(若两楼号的内容相等则电梯停在该楼层,对于电梯的这种控制方式是本例程序设计的主线,为了实现电梯顺向优先执行的功能,即当电梯在上行过程中有多个呼梯信号发出时,先接送轿厢所在楼层以上的乘客,直到轿厢以上楼层无呼梯信号或轿厢已到达建筑物顶层时,电梯才会往下行驶;当电梯在下行过程中有多个呼梯信号发出时,先接送轿厢所在楼层以下的乘客,直到轿厢以下楼层无呼梯信号或轿厢已到达建筑物底层时,电梯才会往上行驶;本例各楼层的指示灯一经点亮,就将本楼层号码实时传送到同一个通道中, 但由于PLC是至上而下扫描程序的,而且通道内的数据随着程序读取的进度在不断的改变,因此在所有点亮的指示灯中,只有最靠近程序末尾的指示灯传送的楼层号,才能最后保持在通道内并传送到输出,直到电梯到达该楼层熄灭指示灯后,通道内的数据才可能在输出时发生改变。这样就确保了PLC在读取呼梯信号时,始终按照程序段的排列顺序来读取。另外由于电梯是用来运载乘客的。 因此,它的运行的可靠性要求很高。用一个启动按钮和一个停止按钮来控制电梯的起停!在按下启动按钮时,系统立即上电,电梯处于待命状态。而电梯在运行过程中按下停止按钮时, 电梯不会马上停下来,因程序中设置了等待、延时环节,当轿厢 内的最后一位乘客走出轿厢后,程序中的等待部分动作将所有呼梯按钮锁定(此时按下任何呼梯按钮都为无效),并使轿厢下降到一楼,经自动开门和延时关门之后启动十秒定时部分(若在这十秒内有人按下轿厢内的开门按钮电梯仍会开门),延时时间到动作。将系统电源切断,此时电梯才被真正关断。针对各项内容编写出相应的程序后,将各个环节编写的程序合理的联系在一起,即得到一个满足控制要求的系统程序。
PLC概述
2.1 PLC的产生和发展
1968年美国通用汽车公司(G.M)为了适应汽车型号的不断更新,生产工艺不断变化的需要,于是就设想将计算机功能强大、灵活、通用性好等优点与电器控制系统简单易懂、价格便宜等优点结合起来,制成一种通用控制装置,而且这种装置采用面向控制过程、面向问题的“自然语言”进行编程,使不熟悉计算机的人也能很快掌握使用。
1969年美国数字设备公司(DEC)根据美国通用汽车公司的这种要求,研制成功了世界上第一台可编程控制器,并在通用汽车公司的自动装配线上试用,取得很好的效果。从此这项技术迅速发展起来。早期的可编程控制器仅有逻辑运算、定时、计数等顺序控制功能,只是用来取代传统的继电器控制,通常称为可编程逻辑控制器(Programmable Logic Controller )。 自从第一台PLC出现以后,日本、德国、法国等也相继开始研制PLC,并得到了迅速的发展。目前,世界上有200多家PLC厂商,400多品种的PLC产品,按地域可分成美国、欧洲、和日本等三个流派产品,各流派PLC产品都各具特色,如日本主要发展中小型PLC,其小型PLC性能先进,结构紧凑,价格便宜,在世界市场上占用重要地位。著名的PLC生产厂家主要有美国的A-B(Allen-Bradly)公司、GE(General Electric)公司,日本的三菱电机(Mitsubishi Electric)公司、欧姆龙(OMRON)公司,德国的AEG公司、西门子(Siemens)公司,法国的TE(Telemecanique)公司等。
在20世纪70年代末和80年代初,我国随国外成套设备、专用设备引进了不少国外的PLC。此后,在传统设备改造和新设备设计中,PLC的应用逐年增多,并取得显著的经济效益。目前,我国不少科研单位和工厂在研制和生产PLC,如辽宁无线电二厂、无锡华光电子公司、上海香岛电机制造公司、厦门A-B公司等。
从近年的统计数据看,在世界范围内PLC产品的产量、销量、用量高居工业控制装置榜首,而且市场需求量一直以每年15%的比率上升。PLC已成为工业自动化控制领域中占主导地位的通用工业控制装置。
2.2 PLC的基本结构包括:
1 、中央处理器(CPU)
中央处理器(CPU)又称中央处理单元,是PLC的核心和“大脑”,整个PLC在CPU的统一指挥和协调下有序地工作。CPU的功能是按照一定的规律和要求读入被控对象及相关各量的工作状态,然后按照用户编制的程序的要求读入被控对象及相关各量的工作状态,然后按照用户编制的程序的要求进行相应的处理,最后把形成的控制信号送至输出部件以控制受控对象。PLC的控制作用就是通过CPU执行用户程序来实现的。
PLC中的CPU的内部结构与一般微型计算机的CPU大致相同。PLC的功能越强、档次越高、其CPU的运算速度也越快,指令功能越强。
2、存储器
PLC内部的存储器用于存放系统管理程序和用户编制的程序,可以通过编程器将程序写入存储器中并进行修改。
3、输入部件
PLC的输入部件是用户通过输入装置送给PLC的信号与PLC的CPU之间的接口。输入部件接收有输入装置(如开关、按钮、继电器触点、传感器等)发出的信号,并把这些信号转换成CPU能接受和处理的数字信号。
PLC的输入部件可代替继电接触控制系统中的一些输入设备。用户的输入装置可与PLC输入部件中的输入端子相连接,PLC一般为用户的输入装置提供24V的直流电源,因此,PLC对用户输入装置的特性(如电路的输出方式、电流等)有一定的要求。
4、输出部件
PLC的输出部件是CPU与受控对象之间的接口,它把CPU生成的用于控制受控对象的数字信号状环卫受控对象能够接受的信号,以驱动相应的装置(如继电器线圈、指示灯等)。PLC的输出部件可以代替继电接触控制系统中的一些输出设备。
PLC输出部件中的输出电路通常有继电器输出、双向晶闸管输出和晶体管输出三种型式,每种型式的输出单元都具有一定的性能和对其驱动对象的要求(电压、电流、与PLC的接线方式等)。
5、电源部件(或电源模块)
PLC的电源部件或电源模块用来把单向交流电转换成直流电供PLC使用。电源部件是整体式PLC的一个组成部分,而电源模块则是独立的单元。
6、编程器
编程器是PLC不可缺少的重要外部设备,是人机对话的窗口。它主要用于用户程序的输入和调试,并可以来监视PLC的工作状态、显示错误信息等。
通常,一台PLC可以配置几种不同档次的编程器。最简单的编程器是类似于计算器的手持简易编程器,最高级的则可是配有与PLC转换接口的微型计算机。
交流双速电梯的基本工作原理
3.1交流双速电梯的主电路
图2-01是XPM交流双速电梯的主电路图。 3.2 主要电气设备
1、曳引电动机
齿轮曳引机为电梯的提升机构,主要由驱动电机、电磁制动器(也称电磁抱闸)、减速器及曳引轮组成。
2、自动门机
用来完成电梯的开门与关门。电梯的门有厅门和轿门。只有当电梯停靠在某层站时,此层厅门才允许开启;也只有当厅门,轿门全部关闭后才允许起动运行。检修状态时,可以在不关门状态下运行。
3、层楼指示灯
层楼指示灯也叫层显,安装在每层站厅门的上方和轿厢内轿门的上方,用以指示电梯的运行方向几电梯所处的位置。
4、呼梯盒
呼梯盒也叫召唤按钮箱或外呼盒,用以在每层站召唤电梯。基站与顶站只有一只按钮,中间层站由上呼与下呼两个按钮组成。按钮下带有呼梯记忆灯,灯亮时表示呼梯信号已被接收并记忆。满足呼梯要求时,呼梯记忆灯将熄灭。基站的呼梯盒上,常带有钥匙开关,供司机开关电梯。
4、操纵箱
操纵箱安装在轿厢内,供司机及乘客对电梯动作指令。操纵箱上设有与电梯层站数相同的内选层按钮、上下行起动按钮、开关门按钮、急停按钮、电梯运行状态选择钥匙开关以及风扇、照明、层楼指示灯的控制开关。
6、平层及开门装置
该装置由上下平层感应器及开门感应器KR6、KR7组成。上行时,KR6首先插入隔磁铁板,发出减速信号;电梯开始减速,至KR7插入隔磁铁板时发出开门及停车信号,电机停转,机械抱闸。下行时,KR7首先插入隔磁铁板,发出减速信号;至KR6插入隔磁铁板时,发出开门及停车信号。
7、停层装置
如图2-02所示,在电梯的井道内每层站装有一只感应器,当轿厢运动到相应层站时,其上隔层铁板插入对应的感应器内,以此检测电梯所处的位置。
图2-02
8、安全窗、安全钳、限速器、限位开关、强迫换速开关、极限开关
电梯的轿厢顶部开有安全窗,供紧急情况下疏散乘客,当安全窗打开时,电梯不允许运行。安全钳是为防止电梯曳引钢绳断裂及超速运行的机械装置,用以在上述情况下将轿厢夹持在导轨上。限速器是用以检测电梯运行速度的机械装置,当电梯超速运行时,限速器动作,带动安全钳使电梯停止运行。以上三种装置的动作通过其相应开关来检测。当电梯运行至上、下极限位置时仍不停车,上下限位开关动作,发出停车信号,若仍不能停车,将压下上、下强迫停止开关,强制电梯停止运行;若还不能停车,将通过机械装置带动极限开关SQ0动作,切断电梯曳引电机的电源,以达到停车的目的,避免电梯出现冲顶与蹲底事故。
便于对电梯的PLC控制系统分析,列出XPM电梯的电气元件如表2-2所示。
表2-2 XPM五层五站电梯电气元件表
元件符号 名称及作用 元件符号 名称及作用
KM1 上行接触器 1HL~5HL 1~5层层楼指示灯
KM2 下行接触器 6HL~7HL 上行、下行指示灯
KM4 低速接触器 HL6、HL7 操纵箱上下行指示记忆灯
KM5 起动加速接触器 HL8 1楼外呼记忆灯
KM6-KM8 制动减速接触器 HL9 2楼上呼记忆灯 KM10 关门接触器 HL11 3楼上呼记忆灯
SQ5 基站开关 HL12 3楼下呼记忆灯
SQ6 开门到位开关 HL13 4楼上呼记忆灯
SQ7 关门到位开关 HL14 4楼下呼记忆灯
SQ8 开门调速开关 HL15 5楼下呼记忆灯
SQ9、SQ10 关门调速开关 SA1 运行状态选择钥匙开关 SQ16 轿门关闭到位开关 SQ1 安全窗开关 SQ18 下限位开关 SQ3 限速器开关
SQ19 上行强迫停止开关 SQ4 轿内急停开关
SQ20 下行强迫停止开关 1KR 一楼感应器 SB2 关门按钮 3KR 三楼感应器
SB3 上行起动按钮 4KR 四楼感应器
SB4 下行起动按钮 5KR 五楼感应器
SB5~SB9 1~5楼轿内选层钮 6KR 上平层感应器
1SB1~4SB1 1~4楼上行外呼钮 7KR 开门感应器
2SB2~5SB2 2~5楼下行外呼钮 8KR 下平层感应器
SQ0 极限开关 SQ 电源开关
第4章 可程序控制器的设计
4.1输出电路的设计
1、门机电路、抱闸电路、门锁及安全运行电路 在电梯上、下行运行时,抱闸应打开,其线圈应通电。电梯停上运行时,抱闸应抱死,其线圈应断电。故可用KM1、KM2控制抱闸线圈YB的通电与断电。 2、PLC输入/输出电路
将电梯运行过程中的各种 主令信号,送入PLC的输入口构成其输入电路图。完成电梯运行的各种执行元件及指示电梯运行状态的各种指示灯,均要受到PLC输出口的控制,构成其输出电路。 4.2形图的设计
梯形图的设计可以分成几个环节进行,然后在将这些环节组合在一起,形成完整的梯形图。
1、开关门环节
电梯的开关门存在以下几种情况:
(1)电梯投入运行前的开门
此时电梯位于基站,将开关电梯钥匙插入SA2内,旋转至开电梯位置,则电梯应自动开门,乘客或司机进入轿厢,选层后电梯自动运行。
(2)电梯检修时的开关门 (3)电梯自动运行停层时的开门
电梯在停层时,至平层位置,M140接通,电梯应开始开门。
(4)电梯关门过程中的重新开门
在电梯关门的过程中,若有人或物夹在两门的中间,需重新开门,现通过开门按钮实施重新开门。大多数电梯现采用光幕或机械安全触板进行检测,自动发送重新开门信号,以达到重新开门的目的。
(5)呼梯开门
电梯到达某层站后,如果没有人继续使用电梯,电梯将停靠在该层站待命,若有人在该层站呼梯,电梯将首先开门。若其他站层有人呼梯,电梯将先定向,并起动运行,到达呼梯楼层时再开门,此时的开门按停层开门处理。
开门环节的梯形图如图2-03所示。
(6)电梯听用后的关门
此时电梯到达基站,司机或乘客离开轿厢,电梯自动关门,司机将开、关梯钥匙插入SA2,旋转到关梯位置,电梯的安全回路被切断,PLC停止运行,电梯被关闭。
(7)电梯自动运行时的关门
停站时间继电器T450延时结束时,电梯应自动关门。停站时间未到时,可通过关门按钮实现提前关门。
2、楼层信号的产生与清除环节
当电梯位于某一层时,应产生位于该楼层的信号,以控制指示灯的状态,离开该层时,该楼层信号应被新的楼层信号(上层或下层)所取代。其梯形图如图5-28所示。
3、停层信号的登记与消除环节
乘客或司机通过对轿厢内操纵盘上1~5层选层按钮的操作,可以选择欲去的楼层。选层信号被登记后,选层按钮下的指示灯亮。当电梯到达所选的楼层后,停层信号应被消除,指示灯也应熄灭。
4、外呼信号的登记与消除环节
乘客或司机在厅门外呼梯时,呼梯信号应被接收和记忆。当电梯到达该楼层时,且定向方向与目的方向一致时(基层和顶层除外),呼梯要求已满足,呼梯信号应被消除。其梯形图如图5-29所示。
图中,按下外呼信号按钮时,相对应的外呼辅助继电器接通,外呼钮下的指示灯亮,表示外呼要求已被电梯接收并记忆。电梯运行方向与呼梯目的地方向一致时,至呼梯楼层时,电梯将停止,呼梯要求已满足,呼梯信号被消除。电梯运行方向与呼梯目的地方向相反时,如电梯从一楼向上运行(上行),而呼梯要求从二楼向下,若有去三楼以上的内选层要求及外呼梯要求,电梯到达二楼时(无二楼上行要求)不停梯,呼梯要求没有满足,呼梯信号不能消除;若三楼以上无用梯要求,电梯将停在二楼,但呼梯信号(二下),不能立即消除,待乘客进入轿厢,选层(去一楼)后,电梯将下行,则二下呼梯信号以满足,呼梯信号被消除。
5、电梯的定向环节
在自动运行状态下,电梯首先应确定运行方向,也即定向。电梯的定向只有两种情况,即上行和下行。电梯在处于待命状态下,接收到内选和外呼信号时,应将电梯所处的位置与内选和外呼信号进行比较,确定是上行还是下行。一旦电梯定向后,内选与外呼对电梯进行顺向运行的要求没有满足的情况下,定向信号不能消除。检修状态下运行方向直接由上行和下行起动按钮确定,不需定向。其梯形图如图5-30所示。
图中,M103及M104在电梯上行及下行的全过程中,存在不能全程接通的情况,如上行至5楼时,一旦五楼层楼继电器M114接通时,M103则立即断开,而此时电梯仍处于上行状态,至五楼平层位置时才能停止。为解决这一问题,引入M143~M146,使上行与下行继电器接通时间延长至上行及下行的全过程。若不使用M143~M146,可能会发生下述情况:四楼向下的外呼信号(不存在其它外呼及内选层信号),使电梯上行,电梯至四楼位置,M113使M103断开,在电梯至四楼位置到电梯停层开门,乘客进入轿厢内选五层之间的时间内,一、二、三楼的外呼及内选层信号可以使用电梯在未完成四楼向下的运动之前定下行方向。
6、自动运行时起动加速和稳定运行环节
电梯起动的条件是:运行方向确定,门已关好。
7、停车制动环节
电梯在停车制动之前,应首先确定其停层信号,即确定要停靠的楼层,应根据电梯的运行方向与外呼信号的位置和轿内选层信号比较后得出。
外呼信号方向与运行方向一致时,产生外呼所在楼层的停车要求;内选层信号产生欲去楼层的停车要求。满足停车要求时,停车信号应被消除。电梯运行过程中,所处的楼层若存在停车要求,则立即产生停车信号。
停层信号产生后,与上下平层感应器配合,进行停车制动。停车制动之前,应先产生停车制动信号,然后由停车制动信号控制接触器实现停车制动。为解决电梯进入平层区间后才出现的停车信号致使电梯过急停车的问题,采用微分指令将X510及X511变成短信号。
将上述情况进行综合,并考虑电梯在检修状态下的运行情况,以及限位保护等问题可以得到电梯起动加速、稳速运行、停车制动的梯形图如图5-31所示。
谢辞
本文从拟定题目到定稿,历时数月。在本论文完成之际,首先要向我的导师余炳辉致以诚挚的谢意。在论文的写作过程中,余老师给了我许多帮助和关怀。余老师治学严谨,待人平易近人,在余老师的悉心指导中,我学到了扎实的专业知识;同时,在余老师非常忙的时候能够抽空指导我完成论文,在此我谨向许老师表示衷心的感谢和深深的敬意!
同时,我要感谢洛阳理工学院给我授课的每一位老师,正是由于他们传道、授业、解惑的教学精神,让我学到了扎实的专业知识和丰富的哲理,并从他们身上学到了如何求知治学、如何为人处事。我也要感谢我的母校洛阳理工学院,是她提供了良好的学习环境和生活环境,让我的大学生活丰富多姿,为我的人生留下精彩的一笔。
另外,衷心感谢我的同窗,在我毕业论文写作中,与他们的探讨交流使我受益 颇多;同时,他们也给了我很多无私的帮助和支持,我在此深表谢意!
最后,向我的亲爱的家人和亲爱的朋友表示深深的谢意,他们给予我的爱、理解、关心和支持是我不断前进的动力。
学海无涯!明天,将是我学习的另一个开始!
附录 梯形图
开关门环节
LD Y030
OR Y031
AND X1
OUT M102
自动运行时开门禁止
LD X7
AND M71
LD X3
AND X2
ORB
LD M140
LD X3
LD X500
AND Y434
ORB
开门辅助
LD M100
OUT Y430
END
开门
LD X4
AND X2
LD T450
LD X4
LD M101
ANI X2
ORB
ANI X3
ANI X11
ANI M100
OUT M101
LD M101
OUT Y431
END 关门
层信号的 产生与清除环节
感应器
LD X405
OR M110
ANI X406
OUT M110
LD X406
OR M111
ANI X405
ANI X407
OUT M111
LD X411
OR M114
ANI X410
OUT M114
END
指示灯
LD M110
OUT Y434
LD M111
OUT Y435
LD M112
OUT Y436
LD M113
OUT Y437
LD M113
OUT Y437
LD M114
OUT Y503
END
停层信号的登记与消除环节
LD X400
OR M120
ANI M110
OUT M120
LD X401
OR M121
ANI M111
OUT M121
LD X402
OR M122
ANI M112
OUT M122
LD M123
OUT Y536
LD M124
OUT Y537
END
4.外呼信号的登记与消除环节
LD X500
OR M130
ANI M110
OUT M130
LD X501
OR M131
LDI M111
ORI M103
ANB
OUT M136
LD X507
OR M137
ANI M114
OUT M137
LD M130
OUT Y040
LD M131
OUT Y041
LD M132
OUT Y042
LD M133
OUT Y043
LD M134
OUT Y044
LD M135
OUT Y045
LD M136
OUT Y046
LD M137
OUT Y047
END
5.电梯的定向环节
LD M121
OR M131
OR M132
ANI M111
ANI M113
OR M124
OR M137
ANI M114
ANI M146
AND X1
OUT M103
LD M103
S M143
LD Y450
R M143
LD M103
OR M143
OUT M144
LD & nbsp; M144
OUT Y531
LD M104
S M145
LD T450
R M145
LD M104
OR M145
OUT M146
LD M146
OUT Y532
END
6.自动运行时启动加速和稳定运行环节
启动稳定
LD M144
AND X0
AND X1
OUT Y030
OUT Y032
OUT T451
LD T451
OUT Y034
LD M146
AND X0
AND X1
OUT Y031
OUT Y032
OUT T451
LD T451
OUT Y034
END
停车信号
LD M146
AND M110
S M150
LD T 450
S M152
LD T 450
LD M153
AND M113
OUT M105
LD M154
AND M114
OUT M105
LDI M103
ANI M104
OUT M105
END
7,停车制动环节
制动停车
LD X510
PLS M141
LD X511
PLS M142
LD M141
AND M144
LD M142
AND M146
ORB
AND M105
OR M106
LDI X511
ORI M144
ANB
LDI X510
ORI M146
ANB
OUT M106
LDI M106
OUT Y032
LD M106
OUT Y033
LD M106
OUT T452
LD M106
OUT T453
LD M106
OUT T454
LD T452
OUT Y035
LD T453
OUT Y036
LD T454
OUT Y037
END
张汉杰.现代电梯控制技术.修订版.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2001
陈家盛.电梯结构原理及安装维修.第2版.北京:机械工业出版社,2000
常晓玲.电气控制系统与可编程控制器.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION FX2N系列微型可编程控制器使用手册.JAPAN:MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION, 1999
陈立定.电气控制与可编程控制器.广州:华南理工大学出版社,2000
梁延东.电梯控制技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997
李建兴. 可编程序控制器及其应用. 北京:机械工业出版社,1999
2. Current situation and features of company website translation 2
2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2
2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3
2.3 Features of company website translation 4
3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6
3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8
3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8
3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9
3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13
4.1 Functional translation errors 13
4.1.1 Problem of length 13
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15
4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16
4.2.1 Spelling errors 16
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17
4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18
4.3 Cultural translation errors 19
5. Conclusion 20
Acknowledgements 21
References 22
1.Introduction
Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.
And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.
2. Current situation and features of company website translation
In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.
2.1 Current situation of company website translation
Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.
Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.
2.2 Samples of famous foreign website
There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.
Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.
Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.
(heritage.coca-cola.com/)
Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.
The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.
Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)
As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.
2.3 Features of company website translation
First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules. Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.
At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.
3. The Skopos theory and company website translation
A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.
3.1 Introduction of skopos theory
The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.
Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.
It requires that a good translation be:
[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;
[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;
[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;
[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed;
[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;
[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;
.
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory
During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.
3.2.1 Functional translation errors
Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .
Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.
The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.
3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors
Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳头产品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳头产品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].
Example[3]: 三十年纺织品和服装出口经验,质量第一,信誉第一,友情第一,重合同,守信用,始终如一。(ex.cn)
Original version:Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.
Revised version:The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.
Example[4]: 集“中国驰名商标”、“中国名牌”、“国家免检产品”和“国家出口商品免验”等荣誉于一身的特步(中国)有限公司,位于福建省泉州市经济技术开发区。(xtep.com.cn/)
Original version:Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:
Revised version:Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone.
3.2.3 Clutural translation errors
What does the word “culture” mean?As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.
In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.
Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.
Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.
In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.
Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.
As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龙的传人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龙” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龙” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外贸企业为龙头” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.
Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.
Example[5]: 该厂能生产大衣、西装、时装、衬衣、毛衣等不同类型服装用的上千个花色品种的纽扣,产品规格齐全,品种繁多,造型新颖。(lxbutton.com/)
Original version:The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.
Revised version:The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.
It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province
There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.
4.1 Functional translation errors
4.1.1 Problem of length
The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.
Example [6]: 进入新世纪后,娃哈哈已拥有了雄厚的产品自主研发能力和技术创新能力,在雄厚的资金保障下,通过引进国际最先进的生产设备技术,进行消化、吸收、再创新,使公司拥有强大的核心竞争能力。同时,通过自主开发营养快线等系列创新产品,广开销路,实现科学发展,行业龙头地位日益稳固。目前,娃哈哈正在不断扩大投资规模,不断自主创新,向着世界500强企业的目标阔步前进!(划线部分为错误点)(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)
Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.
We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再创新”,“自主研发能力和技术创新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:
Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。
Example [7]: 东方机械位于风景秀丽、物产丰富、经济发达、文化繁荣,素有江南“鱼米、皮革之乡”美称的钱塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)
Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish,Rice and Leather",with beautiful scenery,rich products,flourishing economy and prosperous culture.
Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”(we can just delete the underlined part)
Example [8]: 2003年初,公司为满足国内市场对专用车的需要,及时调整产品结构并成立的专用车公司,在做稳、做强客车的同时,投巨资实施专用车项目,精心打造有洛阳宇通特色的专用车产品,本着“低端切人、高端占领”的原则,经过精心筹备,四大系列产品即混凝土搅拌车系列、散装水泥车系列、加油车系列、洒水车系列一经投放市场,便以其全新的设计、优美的造型、细腻的工艺赢得了市场的青睐。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)
Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.
Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern
In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.
Example [9]: 引进大量的科技管理人才,成立“真爱集团人才联谊会” 形成“重知识,重人才” 的良好气氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)
Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.
Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.
Example [10]:
(1)医德医风
Medical ethics
(2)全体员工精诚团结,上下一心
All the staffs unite absolute sincerity
(3)上有上策,下有下策,有令不行,有禁不止。
Disobey orders and defy prohibition.
In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“风”. The Chinese“精诚团结”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.
Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“进入饭店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “进入饭店,带来…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.
4.2 Linguistic translation errors
A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).
4.2.1 Spelling errors
Example [11]: 本公司始终坚持以“质量为本,科技创新,优质服务,环保产品”为发展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)
Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Example [12]:“成功电子” 以拥有您的支持而自豪,并有信心通过我们不断的努力使您以使用“成功电子” 产品而骄傲。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation
Example[13]: 公司自创办以来,不断扩大规模,更新产品的种类。欢迎各中外客商前来共创商机! (rx-china.com/)
Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.
Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!
Example [14]: 本公司经营的产品广泛用于通讯设备、家用电器、仪器仪表、数码产品行业、电子玩具以及工业自动化设备等各种领域, 在电子行业有很高的声誉。(zszyss.com/)
Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.
Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation
Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘扬、推广中华优秀传统文化和与之相结合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有关部门指定为外交部国礼系列图书国内外主要发行单位之一。(zylp.com/)
Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .
Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Example [16]: 百果园占地面积20 亩,花园式布局,生产车间4800m²,设有原料、粗加工、成品、包装、冷藏、锅炉等生产车间。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)
Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.
Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.
4.2.4 Illogical arrangement
Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.
Example [17]:(本单位)成立于1988年,是经国家建设部批准,专业从事地基与基础工程施工的壹级企业。(richelevator.com/hz/)
Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.
Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.
Example [18]: 公司非常重视对员工队伍素质的培训工作,专门成立了人力资源部,对员工进行操作技术、专业技能、安全生产、市场意识、产品质量等方面的培训。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.
Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.
4.3 Cultural translation errors
When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.
Example[19]: 公司于2000年顺利通过ISO9001: 2000版国际质量体系认证,形成了一套完整的质量保障体系,2002年11月被中国轻工业质量认证中心授予 “环保陶瓷”称号。(.cn/)
Original version:the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.
In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版国际质量体系认证,“环保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.
5.Conclusion
It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.
In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.
However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.
Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺:本人所写的毕业论文《外贸公司网站英译研究之目的论视角》均系本人独立完成,没有抄袭行为,凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料,均作了注释,若有不实,后果由本人承担。