听力教学论文范文

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第1篇

[Key Word] listening; middle school; English teaching; barrier; teaching activity designing;

【摘 要】随着时代的发展和进步，英语作为一种国际通用语在贸易往来和文化交流过程中发挥着不可替代的作用。掌握好英语这种交际工具，对学生将来的发展有着深远的影响。现代语言教育理论高度重视“听”在语言学习和语言使用中的作用。听力教学既是一种语言教学，也是一种技能的培养。在听，说，读，写四项技能中，听是最基础的，最重要的技能。它不仅是获取语言信息的主要途径，还是提高其他技能的基础。许多中国学生认为听力能力的测试是所有测试中最难的部分。在本篇论文中，开篇介绍了现在中学听力教学的情况，指出当中存在的一些问题，针对课前的一些较短的时间设计了一些教学活动。然后集中介绍了听力教学活动的设计，强调听力教学活动应将目光集中在听力的过程上，而非其结果上。如何提高学生英语听力水平，使他们能取得好的成绩，成为广大初中教师所共同关注的问题。在英语教学中，教师如何进行听力教学，精心设计教学活动，如何掌握听力教学的各种技巧显得十分重要。

【关键词】听力；初中；英语教学；障碍；设计教学活动

1. Introduction

It is true that listening， speaking， reading， and writing are four basic skills in language teaching and learning. Developmentally， these skills are acquired in a certain sequence. Listening is essential for developing other skills and provides a basis for language learning. But it is also the most difficult of all the learning skills for learners to master. When listening， listeners follow the speaker， thinking about what the speaker is saying and what is going on in the mind of the speaker， guessing the speaker’s opinions and attitudes and catching the true meaning of the speaker’s words. Listening itself accounts for almost half of the commutative activities in one’s daily life. In addition， learners should have the knowledge of phonetics， vocabulary and grammar. Many learners are afraid of listening， looking on it as more difficult than any other skills and pay much attention to training their ability to speak， read and write. Improving listening ability is not in a short time， it is a long time work.

2. Background study

Listening is important in junior students’ English learning. A child first listens for a long time before he is able to speak， so listening plays the first and the most important role in learning a foreign language. Listening is an important means of language. “It is one of the important ways in English language communication. According to Rivers study indications， listening occupies 45% of the whole social interactions. From this， we can see that a good listening can help to improve students’ ability of language understanding. And some statistics show that nearly 50% students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations.” [1] ( p1-2) . We must admit that there is no short cut in our life， so as the English learning. It finds that the original initiative to learn listening is very important， which can lead the way to success.

Now have a look at our junior schools. What most teachers do in class is merely to play the recorder and check answers to listening exercises. So most students can hardly learn anything in class， and listening comprehension gives much headache. Hence， in teaching listening comprehension， it is very important for teachers to find the problems students have and suitable ways to solve the problems. English teaching and learning asks for quite some challenges. The challenges are the lack of adequate linguistic environment， the strong interference from their mother tongue， the overcrowded classrooms and the lack of sufficient time for English study on the students' side. And students are having quite a few subjects on hand and shouldering the great task of all-respect full development in schools. And， in many junior school， it is true that Chinese students are not so influent as those in Western countries mainly because they lack self-confidence and they are afraid of making mistakes .In addition， teachers are quite used to the old teaching method， which lays more emphasis on grammar. In order to make themselves understood by all the students， some teachers would explain the grammar rulers or even the texts in Chinese rather than in English in class. Thus， students get fewer opportunities to improve their listening skills.

3. What are the factors influencing the listening comprehension in Chinese middle school classrooms?

Listening is an important mean of language learning. It is one of the significant ways in English language communication. But so many students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult one among all kinds of examinations. Where are their barriers? How to train some tactics for them? That’s what I am going to talk about here.

3.1 The analysis of the reasons for students’ poor listening ability

3.1.1．About the teacher aspect

There is a shortage of English teachers in China. It is usually difficult for English teachers in China to go to English-speaking countries to study or work. Most of them don’t have the experience of going abroad. They have learned their English only in China. So we may say they have certain shortage.

3.1.2．The English environment

The English environment in China is different from other countries e.g. Canada. In China， English is a foreign language (EFL)， not a second language (ESL). Both students and teachers are doing their jobs under this condition which is quite different from that such as in the US. For example， Chinese immigrant students in Canada can learn English more quickly than those in China. Why? Because in Canada， English is regarded as their second language. They enjoy a much better English environment as well as have English high motivations. This is what is needed in China. What those students in China need is this authentic language environment which isn’t easy to be created in China.

3.1.3. The learning aspect

Listening comprehension is the summation of hearing and understanding. If you have a better level about English knowledge， you may be capable of understanding very well in listening to the materials， and may have an excellent response to any questions asked by the speakers on the tapes.

（ⅰ）Barriers on Phonetics and Phonology

It is clear that “Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonetic medium of language， and Phonology studies how speech sounds system in a language form pattern.” [2] (p22) English， as a new language for Chinese students， usually appears some problems exactly on Phonetics and Phonology， such as the mistakes on pronunciation， intonation， and all kinds of skills like word stress， sentence stress， motion of sound， assimilation， sound---linking and incomplete explosion， etc. Therefore some basic knowledge about English Phonetics and Phonology will directly influence students’ listening comprehension. So designing activities must be aimed at point. So designing some interesting game is to let students discriminate the different pronunciation. The key point is guiding students to find the difference themselves. For example， most Chinese students find the discrimination of some sounds is a problem in listening comprehension， especially， some vowels. E.g.， they can hardly distinguish the words like “sit—sea” and “bed--bad”. In a sentence like “He saw a thief steal into the palace”， steal /sti:l/ is very important in understanding the sentence， but some students just recognize it as still/stil/.

(ⅱ) Barriers on tempo

Tempo means the speed of speaking. It can be controlled by an actor who is good at tongue twisters. Some people enjoy more variation in tempo than others， but everyone has a norm which in characteristic of his usual conversational style. One who tends to use a rapid tempo in everyday speech in English， but Chinese students usually don’t have such a tempo in listening. Although sometimes they can speak very fast， they may not catch up with the materials on normal tempo while they’re listening to a tape， especially to a longer conversation or a passage， that’s their problems. Because they only used to listen to teachers who always read under the average speed in daily life， or used to slow conversations with their partners while practicing oral English， that’s why Chinese students can not suit the need of normal speed listening materials or native speakers. Teachers can help students to form a good sensation. Students can train the tempo through reading， because there are many skills on it. English teachers should take efforts to teach students how to learn some knowledge about sentence stress， rhythm， sound and intonation， etc. So， during in the class， or at the beginning of the class， teacher can design a game or completion about reading. The student who is the winner can give him/her a present. Through insisting on doing so， students’s sensation can be improved.

(ⅲ) Barriers on lexicology and grammar

During the process of listening comprehension， listeners should not only do the exercises of sound recognition， but also learn more vocabulary. If a new word appeared while they’re listening， they’ll find it difficult for them to understand the whole meaning， even some students stop to listen and think about over and over the new word they met before while the material are going on. So does the grammar. Grammar can help us to catch the implication of the vocal sounds， and understand them well， and it is also the essential condition of a whole passage comprehension. It gives us a basis for judging when the action happens， who is the operator or supporter? What is the factual evidence? Whether it is the subjunctive mood? Etc. If you don’t have a solid foundation on grammar it’ll directly influence your achieving good results while you are listening.

(ⅳ) Barriers on listening habits

The main purpose of listening is to understand the general idea of the materials. During the listening process， they should try to catch the major content， which’s the key point. But many Chinese students have some bad habits while listening. For example， they always try their best to get the meaning of each words， each sentences. Once they meet a new word or a difficulty sentence， they will stop to think. It is doubtless they can’t catch up with the speed any more. Still some students can’t directly understand materials in English， but with the help of Chinese， experienced the process of a heart translation. These bad habits are the main factors influencing their listening comprehension. In fact， it is unnecessary to know every word， every sentence， only should catch the main idea and grasp the major point， that’s enough. If you concentrate to think， you can’t catch up with the materials， and also that’s why you have no time to attend to the main content， let alone seize the implication of it.

Therefore， it is necessary for the teacher to point out the bad habits and then help the students form good habits. Here are some bad listening habits on Listening， which are paraphrased below.

“(1) A poor listener will/ turnoff his or her ears as soon as he or she decides a listening task is going to be dull.

(2). A poor listener listens to only facts and ignores the ideas， the general picture.

(3). A poor listener will fix his or her eyes on the teacher or blackboard， then relax， or Do some thing else， expecting to get the information out of the tape scripts later.

(4).A poor listener will use very little distraction --footsteps， a door opening or closing， a cough， a dropped book—as an excuse to stop listening to the recording or the teacher.”[3] ( p1-2)

(ⅴ) Barriers on cultural background

Language is a kind of cultural expression. It is necessary for students to know some background about the English-speaking countries， such as the history， culture， customs and habits， even life styles. Many students lack of these kinds of knowledge， no wonder they are always making mistakes about them. For example， if teachers give two pieces of passage for them to understand the former， because Spring Festival is the traditional festival in China， everybody knows it very well， that’s helpful for their understanding， however the latter about the Thanksgiving day， students know little about it， it is not easy for them to understand， even very difficult for them to answer some questions about it. Listeners should base on their background knowledge about the topic and their experience of how talks on such themes are structured (as in the case of listening to news or weather reports) besides their understanding of language forms related to the subject area.

(ⅵ) Barriers on psychological factors

It is very important of students to have a good state while listening. Students should get clear that listening is the first step of any language learning， they should pay attention to learn it well at the very beginning.

The process of listening comprehension is a very complicated psychological one. Linguists tell us that it is easy for one to produce frightens when he is at his nervousness. If students meet some words or sentences they don’t understand by chance， they’ll have the fidgets， even some students are afraid of listening at the very beginning. It have placed all sorts of obstacles on the important information invisibly and make them less effective， this lowered the degrees of listening comprehension. On the other hand， eternal links， such as the noise made by inside or outside factors， the quality of the recorders， the loudness and the articulation of the sounds， etc， may all become obstructions influencing the students’ listening well. “Psychological linguistics regards listening is involved with the perception of a language: Perception is to turn the voice into meanings，and it is an analysis of the language signal perception. The process of the language perception is an activity of the short--time memorization .”[4] (p1)

Training and improving students’ ability in listening comprehension should combine daily teaching with following points. First of all， in English class， teachers should try to organize their classes in English， which’s the most effective way， students can concentrate their attention while listening to English. Teachers can also know from the expressions in students’ eyes if they understand. Second， using the first five minutes efficiently before the class， or the revision time， ask students to listen to the radios， television programmers in English. Never be afraid of it. Psychological quality is quite important to do everything， so does listening comprehension.

转贴于 4．How to improve students’ listening ability---designing effective classroom activities

Among the four skills (listening， speaking， reading， writing)， foreign language learners often complain that listening is the most difficult one to acquire. Teaching listening should focus on process.

There are three stages in listening activities for language learners: pre—listening， while—listening， post—listening， which will discuss in detail as follow:

4.1 Pre—listening activities

“Research points out that listening activity in general should consist of a pre—listening phase， which should make the context for listening explicit， clarify the purposes for listening， and establish goals， procedures and roles for listening. So a pre—listening activity can involve listeners in the following ways:

(1).By posing the tasks before the students listen to the topic， they are given a purpose for listening， which forces them to focus on selected information.

(2).The listener brings an orientation to a listening event. By opening up the topic， it arouses certain expectations and mentally prepares the students for the topic， it may also activate latest knowledge of vocabulary associated with the topic.

(3).Activating learner’s scripts and tuning in their prior knowledge about the topic helps to relate their background knowledge to the topic to be heard， thus enhancing the comprehension and interpretation of the received message.

(4).By brainstorming what they know about the topic before listening， learners will be able to compare what they know with what they are going to hear， and listen selectively.” [5] (p10)

4.1.1 Purpose

No less than in speaking， the listening process means that the learner must be motivated by a communicative purpose .This purpose determines to a large extent what meanings they must listen for and which parts of the text are most important to them. For example， there may be parts where he does not need to understand every detail， but only to listen for the general gist. There may be other parts where a topic of special significant arises， requiring them to listen for more detailed information—for example， so that they can report about the topic to other members of a group. At other times， a task may require them to listen for specific pieces of information distributed throughout the text.

“The activities will be grouped according to the kind of response that the learner must produce:

(1)Performing physical tasks (e.g. selecting pictures)

(2)Transferring information (e.g. into tabular form)

(3)Reformulating and evaluating information” [6] (p67-68)

4.1.2Choose the appropriate materials

Before having the class， teachers must choose and analysis the materials. “Teacher need to listen the tape all the way through .That way， they will be prepared for any problems， noises， accents etc. That way they can judge whether students will be able to cope with the tape and the tasks that go with it.” [7] ( p100) By doing so， the teacher will know the length of the materials， the difficult points and the focus of the materials， so the teacher can decide in advance how to go on with the teaching in class. Of course， it is a demand for teachers if all other courses. But some teachers do believe that they can teach listening course without any preparation so long as they have the tapes and reference books. So some researchers would like to emphasize the importance of preparations for a class: it is the basic need and also a basic insurance of an effective listening teaching. And the role of analyst， which means that teachers should analyze the functional patterns of the language used in the listening materials that students are to hear. The functions of a language can be simply pided into two patterns: the communication of emotion and the conveying of information. Communication of emotion means that the purpose of using a language is mainly for the establishment of harmonious relationship among the participants of social interaction.

4.1.3 Skills

(ⅰ)Prediction.

Research on speech processing and interpretation suggests that the listener’s ability to make intelligent guesses about what will come next plays a crucial role in their understanding of speech， and prediction is regarded by many researchers as on of the most powerful factors in comprehension. Therefore， a good listener is a good predictor. “By helping our students become better predictors， we are helping them become better listeners.”[8] ( p86)

Prediction also involves asking questions and answering them. According to Fisher and Terry active comprehension is process of generating questions while reading and searching for answers to them. Questioning helps to establish the purpose and causes the listener to interact with the speech， confirming or rejecting expectations.

“Penny Ur summarizes five types of cues that listeners depend on for making predictions about continuation of an utterance:

(1) The stock formula of the language， such as clichés， idioms， quotations and proverbs.

(2). Stress on a particular word in the first part of an utterance is often explained or clarified by a comment in the second.

(3). The logical relationship between the first part of an utterance and the second is often signaled by a conjunction.

(4.) There is construction where the speaker proclaims in advance the kind of thing he is going to say.

(5). Rhetorical questions or bold， brief statements， particularly in the negative， are often followed by answers or amplification in the form of reasons， examples or explanations.” [9] (p11)

(ⅱ)Setting the scene

Another type of pre-listening activity is to set the scene for the students， for example: picture， video， TV etc. Listening to passages in the classroom can be more difficult than listening in real life， because of the lack of context .So the teacher can help provide the background information to activate learners’ schema or illustrate the picture to help students to understand the main idea， so they will be better prepared to understand what they hear.

(ⅲ)Listening for the gist

This type of the pre-listening activity is listening for the gist. It is very important to give students practice in this area， because in real life， they can not listen to the materials several times. Therefore， it will be impossible for them to catch all the information， so they need to be fit with some ambiguity in listening and realize that they can still learn even when they do not understand every word. Listening for the gist is familiar with skimming a passage in reading. The key point lays in let students some questions that focus on the main idea or the tone or the mood of the passage. Find whether students can answer the questions even though they can not understand each word or phrase in the passage.

(ⅳ)Listening for specific information

There are situations in real life where they listen only for some specific details and ignore the rest of the entire message. For example， when they listen to the weather report on TV， they are only interested in the temperature in the city where they live or where we plan to go on the holiday， or when they are sitting in a train station or an air port， they do not listen to the details of all the announcements. It is important to expose our students to a variety of type of listening texts for a variety of purpose so that they will develop a variety of listening strategies to use for different situations.

4.2 While - listening activity

This stage is the most difficult for the teacher to control， because this is where a student should pay attention and get the information actively. However， if the teacher can provide a reason， goal， or task for the learner， this should encourage and help students to focus their attention.

In daily class， students must use all aspects of personal listening ability. At the beginning of this article， we have discussed the problems on students’ listening ability.

According to these problems， we must train the comprehensive listening ability in daily time.

Following are some special training

4.2.1 Listen and tick

A large part of what makes a listening task easy or difficult is what the teacher asks the students to do with the materials. If what students all need to do just is tick as they hear them， the task will be much easier. What you need to tick， you can hear them clearly. Because it is quite easy， ticking is very fit for the students who are in grade 7. It can encourage them to listen to the dialogue or passage carefully.

4.2.2 Listen and act

These activities relate to a method of teaching called Total Physical Response， which concentrates on learning language by listening and responding physical to commands or directions. Here is an example:

“Beginning TPR

Procedure:

(1.) Have two students positioned to two chairs.

Commands supporting vocabulary

Stand up fast

slowly

Sit down table chair

Walk

head stomach

Stop

door blackboard

Turn around

Touch

(2)pick two other students and add more vocabulary that are in the classroom--- such as book， pencil， paper， desk， floor， teacher—and add to the commands put， place， scratch..

(3)use the following type of commands repeatedly in random order， rotating pairs of students from time to time， until you can see that all the students clearly understand what these commands and actions mean.

For example:

Put the pencil on the book.

Scratch your head.

Scratch your stomach.

Put the paper in the box.

Put your hand on your head.

Place the box on the teacher’s head.

Scratch your head and stomach. ” [10] (p11)

4.2.3 Listen and draw

This is similar to acting out physically， but in this type， the students are drawing picture， diagrams on paper. “This type of activity works very well as an information gap activity between pairs of students.” [11] (p90) One example: one student draws a simple picture and then tells his/her partner how to draw it in English .Neither partner can look at each other’s drawing during the task. After they have completed the task， they can compare their pictures to see how similar they are.

Other way: according to last example.

“Introduce the word draw. This opens up a rich network of things you can ask your students to do. Start very simply with the familiar items that the students have already internalized through TPR.

For example:

Draw a table

Draw a chair

Draw a hand

Draw a box

Draw a hand on a door

Draw a window and a hand and book. ”[12] (p11) 4.3 post --- listening activity

Post--- listening， teachers can determine how well the students have understood what they listened to， but it is important to design the tasks well. “One important point to keep in mind is whether we are testing the students’ listening comprehension or their memory. In fact， in real life， listener can remember the gist of the conversation， but cannot remember exactly what words were said. It is more natural to select and interpret what we hear rather than repeat everything we have heard.” [13] ( p187) .Here are some types of post—listening activity: multiple choice questions， answering questions， note-taking， gap—filling and dictogloss.

“It is important to remember when designing activities not to demand that students remember more details the native-speaker would in a real life， because we do not want our students to get into the habit of thinking that they need to understand and remember.” [14] ( p117)

5. Conclusion

As teachers change their practice activity they gain new insights about the learning potentials of their students. “These successes have encouraged teachers to persevere in their efforts to design learning experiences that provide multiple entry and exit points for their students.” [15] ( p290-297)

During the exercitation in middle school， in fact， teachers did not teach the phonetics and phonology. Main practice on listening is just about the textbook. For example， GO FOR IT， the book has a small part for training listening. but the listening teaching is limited. It must add some activities. In the listening activities， according to the certain purpose， it can choose different skills: listen and act， listen and draw， and so on. These types of activities can be designed into games， which are popular for students.

Bibliography

1. Ren Xiaoping . Listening Barriers Among Chinese Students And Training Tactics [J].延安教育学院学报，2001 . p1-2

2. 戴炜冻 A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English [Z].上海: 上海外语教育出版社 p22

3. Liu Yangchun . How to increase students’ listening comprehension [J].开封教育学院学报，1996.10. p1-2

4. Zhang Qi . Psychological analysis in listening teaching and radio programs teaching [J]. 云南教育学院学报，1996.10. p1

5. Zhao Jianqun . Introducing an interactive component into listening instruction [J].曲靖师专学报，1993.3. p10

6. William Littlewood .Communicative Language Teaching. [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，2000.6. p67-68

7. Jeremy Harmer. How to teach English [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，2000.8. p100

8. 王蔷 A course in English language teaching [Z].上海:高等教育出版社，2002.5. p86

9. 同2. p11

10. 同 1. p11

11. 同8. p90

12. 同 1 p11

13. 朱纯 外语教育心理学 [Z].上海:上海外语教育出版，1998.3. p187

第2篇

1．学生来源广、层次多、基础差，积极性低，自信心不足。

由于高职高专院校自身的特殊性，学校的生源一般较为广泛，学生的层次水平基本上是高低不齐，英语基础总体来看也非常薄弱，这是目前此类院校大多存在的现实状况。中学时期，英语听力仅占15分(满分100分)，学生基本上都是以考试为目的的学习，甚至有的学生因不想学习或学习困难而放弃听力这一部分，致使学生的听力基础知识非常差，对于相关听力技巧的掌握和课堂习惯的培养也是一片空白。现阶段，对于高职高专院校英语专业的学生而言，听力是一门必修的专业课程，更是将来步入社会寻求工作必备的一项技能。可见，从以考试为目的到以能力为目的，从根本不重视到高度重视，这是一个相当大的转变，在这种情况下，学生学习积极性差、缺乏自信等现象的出现也就不足为怪，而学生的此类表现给正常的英语听力课堂教学开展带来了较大阻碍。

2．英语听力课程的专业教材选用困难，课时安排稍显不足。

按照高职高专师范类院校的专业课程设置，我校在考察学生接受能力的基础上，先后选用了《英语听力》《听力教程》等听力教材。经过不断调试，我们最终选定了适合我校的两本教材，即:A类学生采用《致用英语》;B类学生采用《新大学英语视听说教程》。尽管我校选用了这两本教材，但是在教学实践中发现，很多教材内容缺少针对性、真实性和实用性，无法体现新的语言现象和变化，而且目前还没有可供高职高专英语听力课堂教学选用的专门教材。另外，课时安排太少，时间太短，不能达到理想的学习效果，例如我校根据入学时不同的学习水平，按层次将学生分为A类(初中毕业起点)和B类(高中毕业起点)，A类学生在校5年，听力课程设置为9个学期，每周2课时;B类学生在校3年，听力课程设置为5个学期，每周2课时。按照现阶段的教学大纲和学生的学习基础，培养学生的听力习惯和学习方法会占用大量的课堂教学时间，所以每周2个课时的安排会稍显不足。

3．教师的教学手段单一。

高职高专院校教师的教学水平层次差异较大，能够外出学习交流的机会较少，对于素质教育背景下的全新教学模式接触也较少，因而教师们仍旧采用固有的传统教学模式，进行填鸭式的教学，学生只会死板地接受教师设定好的各项学习内容，不会自我安排学习时间、学习内容和学习进度。通常情况下，在几个学期的听力课教学之后，会有部分学生达不到《教学大纲》所提出的要求，教学效果不够明显。在实际的教学过程中，教师为了完成教学任务而讲授，与学生之间的互动交流缺乏，也不能够引导学生与学生之间进行有效的学习交流，致使学生在课堂上时常是不愿意听课、昏昏欲睡，这些不良现象充分说明高职高专英语专业学生对于听力学习的参与意识和参与积极性都非常低，对于教学效果的影响十分明显。

二、高职高专院校英语专业听力课堂教学改革的相关建议

在英语专业的基础学习阶段，关键是要培养学生凭借听觉获取语言信息的意识和能力。如今，课堂教学正在如火如荼地进行改革，我校的听力教师也一直在进行积极的探索和研究。结合近年来高职高专英语听力课堂教学的研究与实践成果，笔者认为新时期我们应彻底改变传统的应试教育理念和教育模式，转向大力提倡以学生为中心、课堂为阵地、交际为目的的全新的英语听力自主学习模式。

1．重视培养学生标准规范的语音面貌，加强对英美文化的深度了解。

我们常说万丈高楼平地起，而英语语言基础知识恰恰就是英语听力这座高楼建起之前的那片平地。教学实践中，语音基础知识薄弱的学生对于近音词的辨别非常困难，而且是时常混淆，对于语句中的语音变化也不能够正确辨别，想要听懂整篇文章也就无从谈起。有句话说得好，基础不牢，地动山摇。因此，在日常的课堂教学过程中，尤其是在学生入学的初始阶段，我校严格要求全体英语教师，首先了解学生的基础知识水平和学习能力，然后再根据教学目标、教学要求和教学内容，有计划、有步骤地提高学生的语音、语调、词汇、句型、句法等英语语言知识，特别是注重引导学生认真学习掌握音标，有针对性地指导学生形成规范的语音面貌。要想真正提高学生的英语听力水平，除了需要引导学生掌握足够的、专业的语言基础知识，还需要帮助学生提高英美文化知识储备数量和能力。在日常的听力教学过程中，我校教师通过文化短片、英文小故事等方式，逐步向学生渗透一些英美国家的文化教育思想和背景知识，主要包括国家的经济政治文化、民族的风俗习惯等等，一方面丰富了学生的英美文化基础知识，另一方面激发了学生学习英语听力的兴趣，随着学生文化知识积累的增加和学习兴趣的增强，听力课堂的学习氛围会越来越好，学生的学习效率和学习能力会越来越高，教师的教学热情和教学动力也会越来越强，最终形成教师和学生听力理解能力双提高的良好局面。

2．努力转变听力课堂教学理念，切实加强听力策略与技巧培养。

现阶段，要努力转变听力课堂教学理念，必须做到四个坚持:一是坚持认真学习与听力课程改革、听力课堂教学改革等相关的课改理论知识，并加以理解运用;二是坚持准确把握所教学生的学习需求、学习状态、学习水平及学习能力，以便有针对性地进行备课和上课;三是坚持注重听力课堂教学与课外实践的衔接，在运用听力理论知识指导语言实践活动的同时，通过语言实践活动认真检验听力理论知识的正确性，实现二者之间的相互促进;四是坚持以学生为中心、以任务为载体的听力课堂教学，让学生以参与者、体验者、交流者、合作者的身份去学习，要求学生完成一定的目标任务，积极地与师生进行交流，提高英语听力理解能力，从而营造轻松、愉快的良好课堂教学氛围。在加强学生听力技巧培养方面，着重于四种能力:一是培养学生的快速定位能力，引导学生根据材料中的一些重要线索，快速找准听力材料所要表达的主旨大意。二是培养学生的捕捉信息能力，在听力过程中引导学生尽力排除各种多余信息的干扰，找出材料中的关键词与信息点，提高听力理解效率。三是培养学生的联想预测能力，引导学生根据已获取材料的主要内容和重要信息点进行联想，逐步预测出听力材料内容的下文。四是培养学生的逻辑推理能力，鉴于英语听力课堂教学的特殊性，可以引导学生模仿材料中讲话者的语气语调进行讲话，从中感受和体会材料中讲话者的态度，结合已捕捉的关键词和重要信息点，把握材料整体的主旨大意，并在此基础上推断出听力材料描述的主要事情、发生原因、发展过程、最终过程及讲话者的身份等等，这样，学生就可以在短时间内准确地、快速地把握整篇听力材料的全部内容。

3．合理选用听力题材与教学手段，增强听力教学的丰富性、真实性与实用性。

(1)选用丰富、真实且具有普遍性的听力题材，既要贴近学生生活，又能紧跟时代步伐。如选用与政治制度、经济发展、文化建设、影视时尚和社会热点等相关的听力材料，可以让学生及时了解现实社会发展的最新动态，丰富课外知识，积累听力素材，消除听力过程中对听力题材和听力内容的陌生感，便于学生快速进入良好的听力状态。

(2)坚持课上与课下、教师讲授与学生自主学习、理论学习与语言实践相结合的教学理念。在课堂上，教师利用少部分时间对听力策略与技巧等相关专业理论知识进行讲解，其余时间交予学生，由学生对已讲授的理论知识进行消化、吸收，或者自主学习，或者小组学习，在这个过程中学生如若遇到难点与问题，教师可以当堂解答，并通过创设一定的语言环境，帮助学生对该难点所涉及的相关知识点进行加强学习、深入理解。在课堂外，要鼓励和引导学生积极参加类似于英文讲座、英文演讲比赛、英文辩论赛等各种活动，不断培养学生在当前社会环境下的竞争合作意识，激发学生对于听力课程及其他与英语相关课程的浓厚兴趣。

(3)采用生动活泼、声像并茂的多媒体开展教学，要做到“两个注重”:一是注重语言点与学生兴趣、所学专业、就业方向相结合，有助于调动学生学习应用听力知识的主动性和积极性;二是注重音乐、诗歌等艺术的调节作用，营造轻松愉快的学习气氛，让学生能够适应风格各异的语言表达形式，也能够得到全方位、多层面的英语听力技能训练。在多媒体教学过程中，教师可以指导学生运用现代化手段进行自我技能测试，也可以为学生提供丰富多彩的听力学习资源，拓宽学生听力学习的渠道。

4．帮助学生突破听力学习障碍，树立自信，提高听力水平。

无论做什么事情，我们都需要具备良好的精神状态和心理素质，英语听力的学习也不例外。据了解，有很多学生在刚开始面对听力材料的时候，就给予自身一些消极不利的心理暗示，总是认为自己对眼前的听力材料没有把握，只能让自己处于缺乏信心、过度紧张的状态，想听懂的欲望很强烈，但是听不懂的挫败感更为强烈，结果就是处于得过且过、永远落后的状态。面对此种情况，我们的教师首先要帮助学生稳定心态，告诉学生材料的细节部分固然重要，但并不是每个细节都重要，因此没有必要过分注意每一个语言和细节，而是应该将注意力集中在材料所要表达的主旨大意和主要内容两个方面。在听力过程中，有些过于执着的学生总是将注意力集中于已听过的那部分材料，却忽视了正在播放的这部分材料，教师应该及时提醒学生注意正在播放的材料内容。另外，要注意选择一些与学生的日常学习生活、身边环境、未来就业等密切相关且难易适当的听力题材，能够让学生意识到听力课程简单易学，有效激发学生对于听力课程的学习欲望，逐步帮助学生克服听力学习过程中的各种心理障碍。

三、结语

第3篇

关键词：图式理论听力理解听力教学

一、图式理论

图式理论是认知心理语言家们用以解释理解心理过程的一种理论。最早由著名哲学家康德于1781年提出。20世纪30年代初，英国心理学家巴特利特应用并发展了图式概念。所谓“图式”是指每个人过去获得的知识在头脑中储存的方式；是大脑对过去经验的反映或积极组织；是被学习者储存在记忆中的信息对新信息起作用的过程；是怎样把这些新信息丰富到学习者知识库中的过程。大量的认知理论证明，图式是认知的基础，人们在理解、吸收、输入信息时，需要将输入信息与已知信息（即图式）联系起来。对新输入信息的解码、编码都依赖于人脑中已存的信息图式、框架或网络。输入信息必须与这些图式相匹配，图式才能起作用，完成信息处理的系列过程，即从信息的接受、解码、重组到储存。

二、听力理解与听力理解过程

语言学家Widdowson指出，听力理解包含两层意思，一是听懂说话的语法结构，听到并接受相关语音及语法的信号系统所组成的句子，这种理解仅限于理解句子的字面意义；二是从语言的功用来理解，即除理解字面意义外，还得理解所听到的说话的交际动能，这样的活动可以称之为听力理解。“听力理解过程决不是一种单纯的语言信息解码过程，而是一种解码过程与意义再构建的结合。”也就是说，听力理解过程决不仅仅是听者在词汇、句法、语义层面上对所得到的语言信息进行加工的过程，还是听者根据语言理解加工过的信息，在记忆中搜寻与之相关的经验和背景知识并加以运用，对话语信息进行预测、假设、推断和得出结论的过程，是语言理解和问题解决的过程。

三、听力理解模式

听力理解包括“自下而上”、“自上而下”和“交互”三种模式。“自下而上”的听力理解模式是指听者在词汇、句法、语法层面上对听力材料进行加工、处理和解析来确定单词、句子或篇章的意思。“自上而下”的听力理解模式是指听者运用与话题相关的背景知识对所听信息进行推测或假设以及对预测或假设的确认。“交互”的听力理解模式是指“自下而上”和“自上而下”的理解模式交替使用的听力理解模式。

四、图式理论对听力理解的作用

听力理解是一个将头脑中的图式与接收信息联系起来的过程，因此图式在听力理解中有着十分重要的作用。总的来讲，图式有利于加强对听力资料的理解。

1.图式有助于听者对上下文的预测。预测能力是听力理解的重要技巧，是听者根据背景知识预知和上下文推测说者意图的活动。学生从所给的文字材料中找出微观背景知识，建立信息框架，弄清所听文章的类型、结构和大意，就能激活相关的背景知识。当听者的图式被具体的听力材料激活时，就可以有效的预测出所听材料接下来的内容。

2.图式有助于克服心理焦虑。有些高职学生在听力理解过程中一遇到生词或不理解的句子就烦躁不安，有些学生甚至还没开始听就产生了畏难情绪。这种焦虑情绪无形中阻碍了信息的输入，降低了信息加工的有效性，从而影响了对听力材料的理解。因此降低听力过程中的焦虑感有助于提高学生的听力水平。图式为学生理解听力材料提供了心理框架，使其处于一种积极的准备状态中，焦虑情绪自然就得到了缓解。不少学生表示，如果教师在听力训练前对将要听到的材料作相关的背景介绍，他们则会感觉心中有数，在听的过程中，能更能专注于重要的信息。这是因为学生所具备的相关图式越多，就越能在听力过程中控制好自己的情绪，从整体上把握语言传达的信息，不会因未听懂个别生词而感到紧张、焦虑。

五、图式理论在听力教学中的应用

图式理论对提高高职学生听力水平有重要的促进作用，教师要注意引导和训练学生正确运用图式理论。

1.图式的激活与建立。高职学生英语基础薄弱。教师要耐心地、有意识地在听力教学过程中帮助学生激活已有图式、构建新图式。图式通常被分为两类：形式图式和内容图式。

形式图式是语言知识及运用语言的能力，它是听力理解的前提和先决条件，主要包括听者对词汇、语法和语言习惯的掌握和使用能力。有了这种图式，学生就可以比较顺利地应用它浏览听力材料的练习，根据问题和选项对文章大致内容进行预测。高职学生英语词汇量小，语法知识支离破碎，听力训练前教师要帮助学生回忆其已掌握的单词、句型，补充可能遇到的新单词、句型，并对相关的语法知识进行讲解。间接降低听力材料的语言难度，使学生有信心听懂材料的内容。

内容图式指关于语篇的文化背景知识。语言理解在很大程度上是由语言学习者所具有的文化背景知识决定的。而大部分高职学生对英语文化背景知识缺乏了解。因此，在教学中，经常有学生反映能听懂一段话中的每一个句子，但却不理解整段话的意思，或理解上有偏差。

2.图式理论指导下的课堂教学模式。以图式理论为基础，Underwood提出了三段式听力课堂教学模式，即听前阶段，听力理解阶段和听后阶段。

听前阶段主要是教学词汇和激活与听力材料相关的图式。通常采用视听手段，利用图片、照片、幻灯、多媒体等形式，引导学生讨论有关内容，并提出一些问题让学生回答，扫清语言和文化障碍。听前阶段的主要任务是激发兴趣和欲望、熟悉话题、预测大意等。

听力理解阶段，教师要引导学生一方面运用自上而下的信息处理方式对材料进行预测，推理，掌握文章大意；另一方面运用自下而上的方式抓住关键词句，进行细节的听辨。

听后阶段，教师可以让学生对听过的材料进行讨论、角色扮演、口笔头转述所听内容、写梗概等，以巩固他们在大脑中建立的新图式。

英语听力方面的长进会促进阅读、写作和口语表达能力的提高，因此听力教学对学生的英语学习至关重要。把图式理论引进听力教学，使得它有序和有效地进行，对听力教学有效进行是一种有益的尝试。图式理论的运用，改变了教师和学生对以往听力理解的传统观念，为英语听力教学带来了新思路和新方法。

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